Monday, March 1, 2021

Jim Crow

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The Jim Crow South


Early in the 1th century the term Jim Crow referred to a minstrel show character created by white actor Thomas Dartmouth Daddy Rice. By the end of the 1th century the term began to be applied to laws and customs which oppressed African-Americans. The racial caste system overwhelmed Blacks with the harsh realities of dehumanization, stereotyping, and the segregation of daily life in the Jim Crow South. However, within the combined efforts of The Great Migration of the post war era, the work of organizations on the national level, as well as the effort of everyday African-Americans, an overall push from segregation to civil rights resulted.


For the vast majority of southern blacks, the horror of Jim Crow meant that they were forced to live behind a virtual veil. This created a psychological ploy in which blacks assumed the position of non-confrontation. As many whites refused to acknowledge the humanity of African-Americans, most blacks had to hide their true feelings and personalities in the presence of white people. Sometimes, this masking meant shuffling and feigning irresponsibility; sometimes, it meant turning the other cheek and walking away rather than responding to white insults. But almost always, it meant conforming to a pattern of racial etiquette in day-to-day affairs. Blacks avoided looking whites in the eyes and were expected to stare at the ground when addressing whites of both sexes. Black customers had to show deference to white customers while shopping. They were usually not permitted to try on clothing in white businesses, as it was commonly believed that white customers would not purchase clothes that black customers had tried on. Adult African Americans were seldom afforded titles of respect by whites, as described by Mr. Young, a black male whose account was recorded in "Remembering Jim Crow." "White men and women were addressed as Mr. and Mrs. You didn't address blacks that way." They were instead referred to by their first names or by the words boy, girl, auntie, uncle, and frequently, nigger. Most blacks fully understood that putting on the face in the presence of whites was one of the many tactics they used to survive.


African-Americans fought inner struggles over the humiliating image of blacks depicted in circuses, minstrel shows, song, and in the twentieth century, films and radio programs. In popular culture, black people were portrayed as lazy and silly bumpkins, high-strutting dandies who foolishly mimicked white elites, or simple-minded and contented darkies who simply loved their white patrons. Blacks had to ask themselves many questions how does one learn to live behind a veil or to put on a mask of deference and become a shadow? How does an individual grow to be self-respecting, promising person when acting this way around white people would lead to beatings, job discrimination, or even death? When did little African-American boys learn to never look at white girls or speak to them directly? How did they force themselves to behave one way in the presence of whites and yet step out from behind the veil when at home with family and friends? These are just a few of the hundreds of questions blacks dealt with the Jim Crow South.


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Completing one's daily routine was but another degrading aspect of the life of an African-American in the beginnings of the 0th century. Within every waking moment Blacks were faced with dehumanizing laws that kept them as second- class citizens. In the film "Road to Brown," these elitist rules created two separate America's. Black America couldn't swear on white America's bibles, die in their hospitals, sip from the same water fountain, or even stand within a specified distance from the white populace. Within the documentary a victim of Jim Crow aptly stated, "you abide by those laws or you, [would] be hauled off to jail, that simple." Justice and equality was but a distant goal for African-American's living in this harsh segregation.


The threat of physical pain, public humiliation, and death held Jim Crow laws firmly in place. However, people did eventually begin to fight against the system. Immediate relief from this oppression was found in the flight of millions of African-Americans to the North, commonly known as The Great Migration. Much of the desire to flee the South and to resist segregation legally and politically resulted from the experience of African-American soldiers in World War I. African-American service-men were confronted with the realities of the military's own segregation despite their patriotic motives. A biographer in the documentary "Road to Brown," described the sentiment that ran through the ranks of black soldiers in that there was "…No sense dying for a world run by them." Why should these men fight for a democracy that in theory treated them as equals but in reality oppressed their race? No true democracy would result until the rights of African-Americans were placed back into their own hands. This American dissention was especially dangerous and important because of its un-American stance. Young black soldiers home from Europe found Jim Crow Laws especially grueling. Similar patterns occurred after World War II, when over a million and a half African Americans left the South. During this time there was no longer room for the passive African Americans, willing to accept the white man's cruelty. These enlightened individuals fought harder than ever to seek the "democracy" that they fought for overseas, but were denied in their homeland. As poignantly stated the film "Freedom Bags," "When the world told them they should be content; they continued to dream."


Efforts to disassemble the structure of Jim Crow Laws also began on a national level. Led by the NAACP, the labors of civil rights leaders and followers continued to grow. The NAACP worked vehemently under the leadership of Charles H. Houston and Thurgood Marshall to provide precedents in which to bring the demise of Jim Crow Segregation. These cases eventually led to the Brown vs. Board of Education ruling that enabled blacks throughout the country to have faith in the growing cause. Prior to these victories, success had only been viewed on a small scale and had never attracted such attention. The death of Jim Crow was not immediately observed after this ruling (Cook 85), but the victory was essential to the growth of the civil rights movement in the 160's. African-Americans desperately needed organizations, such as the NAACP, to take a leadership role against discrimination and lead them into a new era of change.


Although grass-roots activism had been present since the turn of the century, widespread participation of African-Americans was not observed until much later. This participation was viewed in the simple defiant protest and attempt of blacks to exercise their right to vote. For decades whites had successfully alienated blacks from one another to prevent a massive movement. But in victories such as Randolph's March on Washington, and through an increasing focus of the Liberal Branch of the Democratic Party on civil rights, blacks came to see their worth. A single united voice in the Jim Crow South was finally heard amongst the chorus of millions of other oppressed blacks.


Although the Jim Crow South lays dead and buried, this era is only a few decades in our past. The cruel reality of white and black relations, racial labels, and everyday life in this movement still aches in the hearts of millions. However, freedom is a reality for African Americans today, owing much to the victory in the brutal struggle of yesterday's freedom-fighters in the massive migration, the labors of national organizations, as well as the efforts of grass-roots activism.


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