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Female genital mutilation is a terrible injustice that happens to innocent women everyday. Female genital mutilation is the cutting, or partial or total removal, of the external female genitalia for cultural, religious, or other non-medical reasons. It is usually performed on girls between the ages of four and ten. However, it can occur at birth, at the time of puberty, when the female marries, or at the time of pregnancy. It is also known as female circumcision, which is the surgical elimination of most of the labia minora and the reduction of the labia majora which produces a raw surface. Infibulation is another term used and it is when the skin and tissue that surrounds the vagina is closed, by sewing it shut and only a tiny hole is left for urine and menstrual blood to flow out of. Another term, for female genital mutilation is clitoridectomy, which is the removal of the clitoris. Clitoridectomy is the most common form of female genital mutilation. Some cultures believe that the clitoris is deadly and that if the clitoris touches a mans penis he will die. Others believe that if the babys head touches the clitoris during childbirth, the baby will die. It has been reported in other cultures that the removal of the clitoris can remedy women of illnesses such as hysteria and excessive masturbation.
There are many reasons that female genital mutilation is performed on women. One reason is that it is a custom or tradition in certain cultures. Many cultures think that this is common and that there is nothing wrong with this procedure. In fact, there are societies, women included, that cannot understand women that do not undergo the mutilation. A woman named Mrs. Njeri who lives in Kenya stated that [C]ircumcision makes women clean, promotes virginity and chastity and guards young girls from sexual frustration by deadening their sexual appetite. These women are brainwashed into believing that these practices are perfectly acceptable. Another reason is gender identity. The societies that practice female genital mutilation believe that this practice is necessary for a girl to be considered a complete woman, and the practice marks the divergence of the sexes in terms of their future roles in life and marriage. These people believe that the clitoris and the labia are the male parts of the female body, and the removal of these body parts make the female body more feminine and attractive to the opposite sex. Females are considered girls and cannot be viewed as women until the mutilation occurs. Finally, another reason that this happens in certain cultures is the control over the females sex drive. Women are not supposed to enjoy sex. It is only necessary for procreation. Therefore, if they eliminate the desire for sex, they are eliminating the chance of extra-marital sex. However, research has proven that most men in these cultures prefer to have sexual relationships with women who have not been mutilated.
Approximately 10 million women in the world have had some type of genital mutilation performed on them. Sadly, every year, approximately two million girls stand the chance of being put through this torture. The most common place that this occurs is in Africa, however, places in the Middle East, Asia, Europe, the Pacific, North America and Latin America also practice these horrible rituals on innocent girls and young women. There are women in the United Kingdom that have had genital mutilations performed on them, but they are part of minority ethnic populations. In 185, the United Kingdom instituted the Prohibition of Female Circumcision Act, making it illegal for anyone to perform or assist in any type of female genital mutilation. Most of the mutilations that occur in the United Kingdom are done by physicians, usually of the same ethnic background as those seeking the mutilation. This practice is illegal and the physicians can be fined or imprisoned for performing these operations. If these people cannot find physicians who are willing to perform these operations, they usually send the females to other countries to have the mutilation performed on them. It has been researched that there are no medical, hygiene or health reasons to support female genital mutilation in any of its forms.
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There are numerous physical and sexual effects that female genital mutilation has on a woman. The harshest result of mutilation is death, usually because of extreme blood loss. Hemorrhaging is also a horrible physical problem that occurs frequently. Serious pain and damage can affect the organs around the body parts that have been mutilated, which can lead to more serious health issues. A common practice is when the same instrument is used on several different girls, causing severe infections. This practice is a big factor in the spread of HIV among young women in these cultures. Clitordectomy can cause serious infections, intermittent bleeding, abscesses and small benign tumors of the nerve. Whereas, infibulation can cause problems that can effect the victims long term. People who have infibulation performed on them can suffer from chronic urinary tract infections, stones in the bladder and urethra, kidney damage, reproductive tract infections resulting from obstructed menstrual flow, pelvic infections, infertility, excessive scar tissue, keloids (raised, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scars) and dermoid cysts. Sexual intercourse is very painful for women who have undergone mutilation. Some women need to be cut in order for penetration to occur. Childbirth can be extremely painful for these women as well. They most often have to be cut to allow the child to be born and then are usually reinfibulated to make them tight for their husbands. The repeated cutting and sewing on a womans genital area can have astounding effects, such as an abundance of scar tissue. Midwives are encouraged during childbirth to assist in the process of de-infibulation, which is an episiotomy during the first part of labour. Caesarean sections are recommended if the doctors and/or midwives lack knowledge of the de-infibulation process. Women who have been mutilated also face many obstacles when it comes to sexual intercourse. It is very painful and uncomfortable and some lack any sexual stimulation at all. However, research shows that approximately 0% of women who had infibulation performed on them could reach orgasm. Whereas, women who underwent clitoridectomies most likely do not reach orgasm because of the removal of the clitoris.
In conclusion, female genital mutilation is a horrific crime against women. Being that it is such a societal custom, and mostly determined by men in these societies, it will probably never go away and women will have to endure this torture for the rest of time.
Bibliography
1. Edgren, Altha Roberts Female Genital Mutilation. http//www.findarticles.com/cf_dls/q601/0005/601000551 Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine.
. Female Genital Mutilation The Royal College of Midwives, Position Paper No. 1. http//www.rcm.org.uk
. Female Genital Mutilation A Human Rights Information Pack http//www.amnesty.org/ailib/intcam/femgen/fgm1.htm
4. Female Genital Mutilation An Overview. World Health Organization Publications. http//www.who.int/dsa/cat8/fgmbook.htm
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