Conflict Management Styles

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Conflict is part of our everyday lives. We must all deal with some sort of conflict. "Conflict occurs whenever disagreements exist in a social situation over issues of substance or whenever antagonisms create frictions between individuals or groups." (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, 17) Our textbook Organizational Behavior describes two types of conflict, the first type of conflict is substantive conflict which involves fundamental disagreement over ends or goals to be pursued and the means for their accomplishment, and the second type of conflict is emotional conflict which involves interpersonal difficulties that arise over feelings of anger, mistrust, dislike, fear, and resentment. (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, 17) There are also different levels of conflict and they are intrapersonal conflict, interpersonal conflict, intergroup conflict, and interorganizational conflict.

How we deal with conflict depends on our conflict management style. Each of us has our own conflict management style that we feel comfortable using. There are five conflict management styles and they are competing which means that we are putting our own interests before anyone else's interest, collaborating which enables us to work together so everyone can win, compromising which allows us to satisfy some of our interests, avoiding which allows us to not get involved in the conflict at all, and accommodating which means we will put our interests last and allow others to have what they want.

The conflict management style of the senior loss prevention representative at Eckerd Corporation is the avoiding style. Unfortunately no matter what the conflict is she will avoid it instead of handling the situation. I do not agree with this style especially when it is the only one ever used. I do believe we have to pick and choose our battles and some battles are just not worth the effort but when this is the only style being used it can be very destructive. After taking the conflict management style assessment I realized I scored the highest on the collaborating style with a score of 1 and the lowest on the avoiding style with a score of seven, but I scored an 11 on the other three styles competing, compromising, and accommodating. These results show that to me the most important conflict management style is collaborating but the other styles competing, compromising, accommodating and even avoiding (in certain circumstances) are also very important. My conflict management style differs greatly from the senior loss prevention representative's style. I feel conflict should be handled immediately, all parties involved should meet and discuss the issues causing the conflict and she feels all conflict should be avoided.

We are all experiencing conflict right now in our class setting. Every week we are given assignments and discussion questions to answer. Each of us has our own opinion on what the right answer is for us but others may disagree with how the other person views the question or their answer in general. This disagreement is a form of conflict; we do not have to agree with every answer that is given by each student. We then decide how we want to deal with the conflict, do we decide to avoid the conflict by not responding back or do we respond to the person and try to accommodate the person, compromise with the person, collaborate with the person, or compete with the person. If I feel strongly about the topic or issue I will restate my position and try to collaborate with the person. If I do not feel strongly about the issue I will just ignore the response and move on. When I am faced with conflict I really have to choose which battles are worth the effort, when I was younger I would just jump into any conflict and waste a lot of valuable time dealing with issues that I did not really feel strongly about, as I grew older I realized that I was wasting a lot of my time and started only dealing with conflicts that I deemed important to me and the harmony of my workplace. Help with essay on Conflict Management Styles

Not all conflict should be considered destructive or dysfunctional some conflict is constructive or functional. Conflict can bring important problems to the surface, it can increase information for problem solving, and it can offer opportunities for creativity. Of course there is conflict that can be very destructive to an organization; this conflict can be two or more employees not getting along or members of a team failing to act because they can not reach an agreement on goals. Dealing effectively with the conflicts that confront us is a very important part of being a manager. We should all find our conflict management style and utilize it the best we can. Conflict is never going to end, we will all be faced with some sort of conflict, and it is very important how we choose to handled the conflict that faces us.

References

Schermerhorn, Jr. J.R., Hunt, J.G., Osborn, R.N. (00). Organizational Behavior.

John Wiley & Sons Inc.

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Italy in north afica

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The Italian Wars 144-155 -

Introduction

The key issues over which the Italian Wars were fought were primarily financial incentives for Charles VIII of France. He declared that he intended to use Naples as a base to drive the Ottomans out of Europe and liberate Constantinople. In actual truth his main motivation was self-glory and the mouth-watering prospect of acquiring some exquisite prizes of war. On the way he would acquire rich cities and portable pieces of art. It seems that this invasion had been planned for two years prior since Charles had already bought off potential rivals like Henry VII of England, Ferdinand and Macsimilion. He had also enlisted the support of Genoa and Milan, both within Italy. The regent of Milan, Ludovico Sforza, needed allies and his invitation in 154 seemed to Charles' plans perfectly. He accepted and the Italian wars began. Also, the Cardinal of Genoa resented the current Pope, Alexander VI. He invited Charles to come in, depose him and spark off the eagerly awaited church reform.

Events 144-1516 -

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There was a mixed reaction to the arrival of Charles in Italy. Florence revolted against its leader, Piero de Medici. The Popes army deserted him. In Naples the king died and rather than unite against his son the populous decided to capitulate.

There was however some reaction against Charles' activities. Ferdinand of Aragon decreed that since Naples was subject to the papacy, that the Popes honour had been attacked. He formed the League of Venice. His main intentions were to expel Charles and become the ruler of a united Naples, Sicily and Aragon. Charles began to withdraw to France and although he won a battle at Fornovo, his outnumbered garrisons couldn't retain Naples.

By 148 the situation in Italy was one of chaos and turmoil. Charles died in 148, which meant that there wasn't going to be a re-invasion. Popular uprisings in Milan and Florence saw the Medicis and the Sforzas overthrown. Civil war was raging on between Pisa and Florence and the accession of Louis VIII as French King meant that the prospects for peace did not look too good.

Louis had inherited Naples, but his main objective was Milan, which he invaded in 14. He settled for the Western half and gave the Eastern half to Venice. He then headed southward to Naples, which he had agreed to jointly rule with Ferdinand. Although this meant that Louis couldn't solely rule Italy he was in bad need of allies so as to not get driven back as his predecessor Charles VIII had done. In 150, the treaty of Blois gave Louis the right to Naples and the Pope's illegitimate son, Cesare Borgia, gained Perugia, Urbino and Pesaro. Borgia subsequently died in 1508 and Italy remained in peace for the following 4 years, although beneath the surface the various rulers were all plotting away for the next round of battles.

Pope Julius II came to power in 150 after the death of Alexander. He acted in a 'Iago' (Othello) role, by encouraging various rulers to invade Italy so that he may gain control of Venetian lands. In 1508 the league of Cambrai was formed that promised Maximillian, Padua and Verona, Ferdinand, who was recognised as king of Naples and Louis who was offered Eastern Milan. Despite a victory by Louis's infantry at Ravenna in 151, he lost his hold on Milan, Venice and Navarre, by being defeated the following year.

Peace looked a reasonable possibility in 1514 as Julius II had died and was replaced by the less 'ambitious' Leo X. The Sforzas and Medicis had retuned to their traditional lands of Milan and Florence. The idea of peace soon evaporated when Louis died in 1515. His successor Francis I, invaded Milan with 0,000 men, and upon an emphatic victory the only person capable of raising troops, was the Emperor, aided by English money. By 1516 peace was signed at Noyon. France controlled Milan and Genoa. Venice regained all the lands that it had lost and Spain retained Naples.

Events 1516-15 -

The accession Charles V to the Spanish throne became a very significant point in the Italian wars. When he was elected as Holy Roman Emperor in 151. Upon inheritance of the Netherlands, Franche Comte and Naples, France saw him as a clear and abundant threat. The war had now become a Habsburg Vs Valois affair, both had considerable financial and military might.

Both sides saw Milan as being vital to them. Charles saw it as being paramount since it lay on the route of the Habsburg, Austria-Spain communications route. Francis on the other hand would have felt very threatened by the strong and imminent presence of the Habsburg throne all around him. It would be a setback of the greatest magnitude if he, like his predecessors Charles VIII and Louis VIII, was driven back from the prosperous trade centre that was Milan. It also comprised the only route he had through the Alps into N.Italy.

Disaster struck for Francis in 151, when his invasion of Spanish Navarre was defeated. Even worse though, was the fact that in subsequent battles he lost Milan to Spain. In 155 Francis was taken prisoner at the battle of Pavia and extradited to Madrid. It can be insinuated that Charles acted 'naively' in not seizing the initiative and believing Francis's pleas for release in return for forfeiture of all Valois claims in Burgundy and Italy.

Francis was released, but it became clear in 156 that Francis would never willingly relinquish Milan. Charles marched into Florence and deposed the Medicis. His unpaid troops then reacted by marching southward into the Papal States, sacking the city of Rome and leaving it in waste. Francis retaliated by marching into Lombardy and attacking Spanish held Naples. His prospects for success seemed slim since in 158 his Genoese allies had deserted him.

The acquisition of Genoa then swung the war into Charles's favour. It severely damaged the North-South communications in Italy. Charles capitalised on this by defeating the French decisively in Milan and becoming crowned the official King of Naples. With French presence in Italy pacified, the Medicis were restored as rulers of Florence and the Sforzas to Milan, as clients to the Spanish throne. Furthermore Francis relinquished his claims to Milan, Naples, Genoa, Artois and Flanders. In 151 the Habsburgs were the effective rulers of Italy, as Charles was officially crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 150 and his brother, the King of the Romans in 151.

Events 15-155 -

The restart of the war was delayed until 155, after both France and Spain found themselves suffering severe financial shortfalls. They were both forced to uphold a truce. The French called for truces in 158, '46 and '57. The Habsburgs called for them in 154, 'in '44 and '57.

Francis took advantage of the death of Francesco Sforza, the Duke pf Milan in 155, and invaded once more. Fortunately for Francis the Ottomans had invaded Genoa and Charles had his hand forced into playing for time, as he didn't have the resources to fight both of these opponents simultaneously.

Francis retained Savoy for years, but soon became impatient and invaded Nice, while 'ambitiously' laying claim to Artois, Brabant, Luxembourg, Milan and Roussillon.

As a result of Francis's aggressive behaviour Charles, aided by Henry VIII, invaded France. Savoy and Boulogne were captured, and even Paris was threatened. The focal point of the Habsburg-Valois rivalry had shifted from Italy to France itself and N.West Europe. The death of Francis in 1547 should have prompted a recession in aggression, but the successor to the

French throne, Henry II had a personal score to settle with Charles. He had just spent years in a Madrid prison. He did not however let his emotions rule his decision-making and ruled 'prudently'. He capitalised on the Anglo Scottish skirmishes to take back Boulogne in 1550. Even more an intriguing acquisition was made when he turned Charles's problems with the Lutheran princes into his favour. He promised support to them in return for the bishoprics of Metz, Toul and Verdon. This gave him a tactical advantage of having access to Germany.

The balance of the affair had swung back towards the French as the Spaniards had several problems to deal with. Firstly the princes in Germany were being swung by the popular reformation. France now had troops in Metz and the Duke of Guise was winning battles in Italy, with Milan being threatened. To make matters worse the ottomans were making good progress up the N.African coast towards Spain. It seemed that the problems lay much closer to home now for Spain. All these factors culminated in the abdication of his throne by Charles, with power going to his son Philip II. Philip negotiated a peace with France and peace looked a more realistic prospect for the long term. The accession of the anti-Habsburg Pope Paul IV, again opened invitations for the French to invade Italy. The Duke of Guise tried for years to regain Naples and Milan but his attempts were unfruitful and ended when he was recalled to defend France from a Spanish invasion. From his HQ of the Netherlands Philip won his first battle against a French army in 1557. Henry finally thought that his work was complete when he had regained Calais from England. Both countries now had no choice but to make peace since neither had the finance to continue.

Results -

The treaty of Château Cambresis signalled the end of the wars. France was allowed a handful of towns such as Turin, Pinerolo and Saluzo, on the Italian side of the Alps. This meant that France still had a route through the Alps into Italy for not only trade but for a future invasion. France also retained control of Metz, Toul and Verdon, as well as Calais.

The result of the wars was that Spain gained effective control of Italy, but France on the other hand had reduced its Spanish 'encirclement'. Both countries were now financially impotent.

In Italy the effects of armies trudging up and down the countryside had taken its toll. Scenes of slaughter were commonplace, while several cities had been plundered. Italy as a whole had demonstrated that it had no 'cohesion whatsoever and as a band of separate states was highly susceptible to invasion. The traditional Italian rivalries had been clearly shown in the conflicts, while many privately rejoiced at the sack of Rome since it was the Pope who 'ironically' had invited foreign armies into Italy anyway.

Please note that this sample paper on italy in north afica is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on italy in north afica, we are here to assist you. Your essay on italy in north afica will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Chinese immigration

If you order your cheap essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Chinese immigration. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Chinese immigration paper right on time.

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Chinese Immigration

It is the idea that the process of urbanizing the Pacific Northwest was a slow and steady process. Solitary pioneers settled into an area, followed by a larger number of farmers, preachers and businessmen. As time progressed this network of people eventually grew from a small town into an urban city. Some historians are finding that this was not always the case; in some cases it is the city that precedes the settlers.

The Chinese immigrants quickly became an integral part of the workforce, being a source of reliable and yet inexpensive labor. Among the many significant contributions to the American economy incorporated the construction and completion of the first Transcontinental Railroad.

Unfortunately, as the economy underwent a recession, a job shortage occurred. The availability of Chinese workers was perceived as a threat and was unwelcomed. The growth of anti-immigrant sentiments resulted in the Chinese Exclusion Act of 188, which resulted in subsequent legislation limiting immigration from Asia.Help with essay on Chinese immigration

The Chinese immigrants came to Angel Island, which lies in the western part of San Francisco Bay and a few miles beyond the Golden Gate Bridge. Since the mid-1800s, many Asians were determined to seek better lives and economic opportunities in America. California was known as Gum San, or Gold Mountain.

At the Northeastern corner of Angel Island, barracks were set up to operate as an immigration station in 110.

One of the main functions of this station was to process hundreds of thousands of people seeking to immigrate to the United States from Asia.

The events administered at the immigration station were designed to enforce the exclusionary immigration laws enacted by Congress.

The experiences, which Asian immigrants had endured while being processed and "detained" at the immigration station, were of fear, humiliation, and sorrow. Immigrants were confined for a period from two weeks to as long as two years. Family members were separated from each other, and part of the process consisted of intense interrogation by officers.

The long wait for decisions caused most detainees tremendous grief and despair, in fact, many took their lives rather than face the humiliation of deportation.

Of all the immigrants having to suffer the Angel Island experience, the biggest group was the Chinese with approximately 175,000 people. Numbers of immigrants from Japan were a close second at over 100,000. The immigration station on Angel Island ceased to operate in 140 as the administration building was shut down because of a fire. The Chinese Exclusion Act was eventually repealed in 14.

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Measurement of Molecular Excitation Spectra by Laser Raman Effect

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Measurement of Molecular Excitation Spectra

by Laser Raman Effect

ABSTRACT

The phenomenon known as the Raman effect allows us to probe the energy levels intrinsic to a given molecule, giving us knowledge about its rotational and vibrational energies. By illuminating a transparent sample, either liquid, gas, or crystal, with an intense source of light, (preferably monochromatic or at least with sufficiently well- known and distinct spectral lines), inelastic scattering of electromagnetic radiation can be measured perpendicular to the beam line to obtain a spectrum which yields information about the energy levels of the molecule being studied.

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I. INTRODUCTION

In 11, with the foundations of quantum mechanics just being laid, Prof. C. V. Raman began a series of experiments to observe the scattering of light by transparent media. Although such studies were certainly not new as scientists and laymen alike had been studying transparent scattering for centuries (most notable among these researchers were perhaps Sir Isaac Newton and Christiaan Huygens), the depth and breadth of his research led Prof. Raman to observe a very weak secondary radiation scattered from transparent liquids, where the wavelengths were different from those already known. What is perhaps most remarkable about this observation is that it was made with sunlight as the illuminating source.

At a meeting of the South Indian Science Association at Bangalore on March 16, 18, Raman made the first public announcement of the phenomenon, showing his spectrum of carbon tetrachloride [1]. He showed that the frequency shifts, the relative intensities, and the state of polarization, among other features of the new spectral lines were independent of the exciting radiation. Thus, this new scattering method of investigation, which in many ways complemented infrared spectroscopy, revealed an amazingly easy and convenient way of mapping the vibrational and rotational spectra of chemical compounds. In the same year, P. Pringsheim [] labeled this new scattering phenomenon the Raman effect and therefore the spectrum of new lines, the Raman spectrum. A more detailed account of the historical background and subsequent applications of Raman spectroscopy can be found in the text by Anderson [].

In the results to follow, it will be our goal to successfully use the technique of Raman spectroscopy to measure the excitation spectra of several chemicals, most notably carbon tetrachloride CCl4, dichloromethane CHCl, and chloroform CHCl. In this paper we will examine the theory behind the Raman effect, discuss the experimental procedure for measuring spectra of the liquids in question, present our findings and analyses of the respective spectra, and draw the relevant conclusions.

II. THEORY OF THE RAMAN EFFECT

In its simplest description, the Raman effect is the result of a double photon transition involving three energy levels (i.e. stationary states of the time-independent Schrödinger equation). An incident photon from a preferably monochromatic source is absorbed by the material, causing the molecule to transition from its initial state (a) into an excited, intermediate state, often labeled the virtual level. The molecule then transitions into another state (b), emitting a photon. The energy shift of the emitted photon relative to the incident radiation tells us the energy difference between states (a) and (b), as indicated in Fig. 1. The spectral lines corresponding to a loss in energy of the photon are referred to as Stokes lines (as Fig. 1 depicts); those lines corresponding to a gain in energy are referred to as anti-Stokes lines, the terminology being lent from florescence.

In order to identify which vibrational or rotational mode is responsible for producing a given Raman line, it is necessary to consider not only this frequency shift, but also the state of the polarization of the Raman line (which depends upon the symmetry of a particular vibration) and the appearance or absence of the line in infrared absorption spectra. For the materials which we will study in our experiment, these properties are well documented, and we will use them to verify the accuracy and precision of our methods.

As briefly mentioned above, polarization plays a significant role in the Raman effect. Essentially all light scattering is based on the fact that incident radiation of a given frequency 9 induces an oscillating dipole moment in the material in question. Generically, we can say

(1)

where is a second-rank tensor that represents the polarizability of the molecule and is the electric field vector of the incident radiation. If the atoms execute periodic motion, is given by , where is the polarizability in the equilibrium configuration, is the maximum change of polarizability when the atoms vibrate, and 91 is the frequency of the atomic oscillation. This gives us

()

From Eq. () we can quickly see that we would expect the induced dipole moment then to radiate at three different frequencies, first 9, corresponding to the Rayleigh scattering line, and also (9 + 9 1) and (9 - 9 1) corresponding to the Raman anti-Stokes line and Stokes line, respectively. In short, it is the polarizability of the static molecule itself which leads to Rayleigh (elastic) scattering while the changes in polarizability during molecular motions are responsible for Raman (inelastic) scattering. For an example of a typical Raman spectra, illustrating the characteristic frequencies (usually between 100 and 000 cm-1), we refer the reader to a spectra of carbon tetrachloride collected by [4] in Fig. .

If a vibration of the atoms of a molecule introduces a corresponding periodic change in its polarizability, the scattered radiation will contain the sum and difference of the incident frequency and the molecular vibration frequency. This is what is known as the vibrational Raman effect. The intensity of any vibrational Raman line is determined by the magnitude of the displacement belonging to the corresponding normal vibration.

Thus, if we are armed with a detection scheme capable of measuring subtle shifts in the frequencies of scattered radiation, as well as a method of measuring the polarization of the scattered radiation (as well as incident), then we will be able to glean some detailed information about the inner structure and allowed vibrational modes of the molecule under study.

III. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

Generically, any light source can be used to study the Raman effect. Raman himself used sunlight before switching to the more intense mercury arc lamp. For our purpose, we will use an Ar-ion laser, with the obvious benefits of having a narrow band width of the incident spectral line, a well-defined polarization, and distinct and very well-known frequencies. Our setup consists of the Ar-ion laser (with a wavelength of 488nm) and a power output of 100 mW), simple reflecting optics for directing the beam, a sample and sample holder, a condensing lens to focus the scattered light onto the spectrometer (a Spex Industries double monochromator), a photomultiplier tube (PMT) with Peltier cooler, and finally a computer for data analysis. A schematic of this setup can be found in Fig. .

Although the procedure for measuring Raman spectra is fairly straightforward, like any scientific endeavor worth undertaking, extreme care must be taken in order to achieve meaningful results. In accordance with this caveat, the monochromator should be considered the most crucial part of the entire experiment. Internally, it consists of directional optics to reflect and focus incident radiation onto two diffraction gratings in series. A motor drive with an external variable speed control turns the gratings, thereby scanning through different wavelengths which are selected by the gratings and then focused on an exit slit. A PMT is connected to the exit slit of the monochromator, and is in turn connected to a PC for data acquisition.

So, before the experiment can begin in earnest, we must first ensure accurate calibration of the monochromator. To do this we use incident light of known frequencies to match the wavelength-counter reading on the monochromator to specific wavelengths. This can easily be performed with a mercury arc lamp (or any other light source for which a detailed description of emission lines exists). Used in combination with a HeNe laser as a fixed reference point, one can obtain a plot of known wavelength vs. counter reading, whereby the equation of a linear least-squares fit will provide an accurate method of determining the actual wavelength for any measured counter reading.

With calibration complete, the sample (either carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, and dichloromethane) is placed in a cylindrical, transparent container which is wrapped with foil to eliminate further scattering, and then placed in the sample holder in alignment with the incident laser beam. Perpendicular to the incident beam, a condensing lens is used to focus scattered light onto the entrance slit of the monochromator. This scattered light contains a very intense peak corresponding to the Rayleigh scattering, and much fainter spectral lines to either side of the intense peak. The drive on the monochromator can be operated at variable speeds, and quick sweeps are made in order to find the Rayleigh peak. Once this has been accomplished, slow and careful sweeps in only the region of interest are made, with the knowledge that those peaks with lower frequency than the Rayleigh line (Stokes) will have greater intensity than the peaks with higher frequency (anti-Stokes). REFERENCES

[1] C.V. Raman and K.S. Krishnan, Indian J. Phys., , 87, (18).

[] P. Pringsheim, Die Naturwiss, 16, 567, (18).

[] A. Anderson, The Raman Effect, (Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 171).

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A Solitary Blue

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In the book A Solitary Blue the author showed great difference and similarity among Jeff and The Professor. The similarity is demonstrated in the novel in many different ways. Jeff and The Professor are both unemotional because Jeff is afraid his father might leave him too, and The Professor is too busy in his work. Melody leaves Jeffs life when he is 7 years-old. She only leaves a note for them to read. The Professor hires people to cook for them and take care of the house. During the summer, Melody returns to Jeffs life. He spends the summer with her and at first he doesnt want to open up because hes afraid she might hurt him again. But her love and kindness makes Jeff trust her again. But the next summer she is not there for him. It leaves Jeff stranded and depressed. He can only find peace when he spends the night on the beach. He makes a tower room inside his head, it is the only place he can get awa from life. In the book A Solitary Blue the author showed great difference and similarity among Jeff and The Professor. The similarity is demonstrated in the novel in many different ways. Jeff and The Professor are both unemotional because Jeff is afraid his father might leave him too, and The Professor is too busy in his work. Melody leaves Jeffs life when he is 7 years-old. She only leaves a note for them to read. The Professor hires people to cook for them and take care of the house. During the summer, Melody returns to Jeffs life. He spends the summer with her and at first he doesnt want to open up because hes afraid she might hurt him again. But her love and kindness makes Jeff trust her again. But the next summer she is not there for him. It leaves Jeff stranded and depressed. He can only find peace when he spends the night on the beach. He makes a tower room inside his head, it is the only place he can get awa from life. In the book A Solitary Blue the author showed great difference and similarity among Jeff and The Professor. The similarity is demonstrated in the novel in many different ways. Jeff and The Professor are both unemotional because Jeff is afraid his father might leave him too, and The Professor is too busy in his work. Melody leaves Jeffs life when he is 7 years-old. She only leaves a note for them to read. The Professor hires people to cook for them and take care of the house. During the summer, Melody returns to Jeffs life. He spends the summer with her and at first he doesnt want to open up because hes afraid she might hurt him again. But her love and kindness makes Jeff trust her again. But the next summer she is not there for him. It leaves Jeff stranded and depressed. He can only find peace when he spends the night on the beach. He makes a tower room inside his head, it is the only place he can get awa from life.

Please note that this sample paper on A Solitary Blue is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on A Solitary Blue, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on A Solitary Blue will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Need to Belong in "The Metamorphosis"

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Franz Kafkas story The Metamorphosis is a thought-provoking story of a young man and his family and their trials and tribulations. Although many perspectives can be applied to this story such as Marxism, one relationship I would like to explore is Gregors struggle to belong and the resulting tragedy. Gregors struggle can be understood from the humanistic perspective of psychology. According to Abraham Maslow, people have many needs that must be fulfilled in order to become self-actualized which is the need to fulfill ones potential (Weiten 80). One of these needs is the need for love and belonging (Weiten 81) and it is this need that Kafka writes about in The Metamorphosis.

The main character, Gregor Samsa, is a hard working young man just trying to put food on the table and support his family because of his […] parents debts to [the chief], who is his boss (Kafka 76). He is just like everyone else; he hates his job. The work is very stressful on him. He finds his job exhausting and irritating (Kafka 75). He is as human as anyone, which means that he was constantly changing. Not very much, but a little each day, the same way everyone changes a little as they progress through life. His life takes a turn for the worse when he wakes up one morning for work only to find that he has turned into an insect. Even that did not stop Gregor from wanting to carry out his duties as a son and an employee. When his boss arrives at Gregors home to find out what has happened to him, Gregor maintains that he is still perfectly willing to work and asks that the chief provide Gregor with an opportunity to prove this (Kafka 8-4).

Gregor is depicted as having human qualities despite the fact that he is an insect. In Gregors mind, he is still Gregor regardless of what he looks like. While he is aware of his physical changes, Gregor has essentially not changed. Gregor ruminates on banal things such as catching the train on time and whether or not his alarm went off (Kafka 76). Gregor speaks English […] doing his best to make his voice sound as normal as possible by enunciating the words very clearly and leaving long pauses between them (Kafka 77). However, his ability to communicate due to […] the lack of all direct human speech […] (Kafka 5) fails and his family can no longer understand him. It is the lack of understanding that has the most effect on Gregor. It separates him even more from his family. The new Gregor was so unfathomable that his family could not deal with it and shut him away. His father pushes him into a room and [t]he door was slammed behind him… (Kafka 86).

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It is the familys unwillingness to accept Gregor that widens the chasm between them. Even in his condition, Gregor hopes […] that by exercising patience and the utmost consideration [he can] help the family to bear the inconvenience he was bound to cause them in his present condition (Kafka 88). Despite what Gregor himself is enduring, his thoughts are selflessly with his family and their consternation. He is worried about their finances because of the role he plays as a breadwinner. At that time Gregors sole desire was to do his utmost to help the family to forget as soon as possible the catastrophe which had befallen the business [….] (Kafka 0-1). He remembers with regret his sisters lost opportunity to go to the Conservatorium to study music (Kafka 1). While Gregor is despairing for his family instead of himself, his familys thoughts are not on him at all. They are thinking of themselves and how to make their money last (Kafka -). Gregor just wants to resume his place in the family and they seem to care less about trying to resolve his condition. Out of sight, out of mind appears to be the way his family is reacting to him.

After the metamorphosis, the respect his family treats him with fades. This can be seen in the slow process of removing things from his room. By taking his furniture and other things from his room, they are making him less human and confirming his belief that they no longer care. It matters not to Gregor that at first the intentions of his sister and mother were good, he eventually resents them for taking away the things that meant so much to him. Kafka writes, [d]id he really want his warm room …turned into a naked den…at the price of shedding simultaneously all recollection of his human background? (Kafka 5) He then decides to rescue (Kafka 6) some of his belongings that give him so much comfort. This is Gregors method of stating that he is in fact still Gregor and deserves to be treated as such. For his family, it was easier to ignore any human qualities that may still have existed in Gregor in order to justify their treatment of him. It is their fear and their inability to see Gregor as he really is and their inability to accept him for what he is, that ultimately destroys Gregor.

The most pivotal point in the story comes when Gregor follows his sister out of his room when she and her mother are cleaning it. He gets shut out of his room and when his father arrives, his father immediately sets about to hurt Gregor […] his father was determined to bombard him with apples (Kafka ). It is an ironic twist that apples thrown by his father, then assault Gregor who should be the apple of his fathers eye for being the saviour of the family. The apple festers in Gregors back, and ultimately leads to his demise. Whether the irony was intentional by Kafka of not, I thought it was an interesting choice of objects. It is at this point that Gregor ceases to be human, at least to his father.

His status with his other family members too changes for the worse. His sister, who until this time had been his staunchest ally and caregiver, begins to neglect Gregor. [She] no longer took thought to bring what might especially please him and […] hurriedly pushed into his room with her foot any food that was available […] (Kafka 401). His family took to storing […] in his room things [that] there was no room for elsewhere […] such as furnishings, the ash-can and the kitchen garbage can (Kafka 40). It is as if they had already relegated him to the trash heap. The familys regard for the lodgers aversion to filth and disorder is more important to them than Gregors feelings on the same subject.

Gregor suffers immensely because he feels that he has to be something he is not in order to be accepted again. The only time he felt good about himself was when he was working for the chief to take care of his family and now that he is unable to do so, […] he [feels] so hot with shame and grief ( Kafka ). Kafka shows the reader how important being accepted is to Gregor when he explains that Gregor is comforted by the fact that Gregor […] felt himself drawn once more into the human circle […] (8). This need for acceptance and belonging is recognized as a fundamental need of all humans who are social creatures. According to Baumeister and Leary, people form social attachments readily under most conditions and resist the dissolution of existing bonds and the lack of attachments is linked to a variety of ill effects on health, adjustment, and well-being. Gregor is haunted by the hope that he will recover and resume his place in the family (Kafka 401).

The evening his sister plays violin for the lodgers is when the reader gets a glimpse of how devastating the isolation has been for Gregor. He felt hardly any surprise at his growing lack of consideration for the others… (Kafka 405), he had to let his sister know that […] no one here appreciated her playing as he would appreciate it (Kafka 405). The music stirred something in Gregor that he could not resist; [h]e felt as if the way were opening before him to the unknown nourishment he craved (Kafka 405). Unfortunately for Gregor, he was caught and that hardened his sisters heart against him. We must try to get rid of it (Kafka 407) […] I cant stand it any longer (Kafka 407) she tells her parents. She refers to him as a creature( Kafka 408) and states that if he were really […] Gregor, he would have realized that human beings cant live with such a creature, and hed have gone away on his own accord (Kafka 408). When Gregor returns to his room after hearing the conversation, it is his sister who locks him for the last time (Kafka 408-). Gregor decides to save his family one last time and dies. This final act is the only way he can show his sister that he is still Gregor and he does […] [go] away of his own accord (Kafka 408). At the end, it is Gregors need to belong that ultimately frees his family from the human responsibilities of love and compassion.

Some people are regarded as inferior by other people simply because they look different. It is important to understand that this whole identification is subjective and depends on the point of view. In The Metamorphosis, Gregor turns into an insect. It is interesting that Kafka chose an insect as a creature to turn Gregor into. Generally insects are loathed and considered to be a lower form of creature in the Great Chain of Being. Humans do not like insects because insects have no human qualities that humans can relate to. We do not think of insects as equal to humans. This is a quality associated more with mammals. We are afraid of insects and hate them because they are different. Gregor, because of his being an insect, is loathed despite the fact that he is still fundamentally Gregor. It is because of the human instinct to bond with others of our species that Gregor in the end dies. He is still human enough to recognize what would happen to himself and selfless enough to spare his family the burden of his existence.

Works Cited

Baumeister, R.F. and M.R. Leary (15). The Need to Belong Desire for

Interpersonal Attachments as a Fundamental Human Motivation.

Psychological Bulletin 117 () , 47-5.

Kafka, Franz. The Metamorphosis. The Writers Path An Introduction

to Short Fiction. Rooke and Rooke Eds. Scarborough, ON ITP Nelson,

18. 74-41.

Weiten, Wayne. Psychology Themes and Variations. rd. ed. Pacific Grove CA

Brooks/ Cole, 15.

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Will Sri Lanka's Rubber Industry Bounce Back ?

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Will Sri Lanka's rubber industry bounce back?

By Ananda S Wijayarathne

An improvement in prices has been responsible for an increase in rubber production last year and the first seven months of this year. This has resuscitated new hopes of a revival of rubber production and the development of a viable and productive rubber industry. Whether this is possible in view of a secular decline in rubber production for over three decades, is an interesting question.

Increase in production ; In 00 rubber production recorded a modest increase of 5 million kilograms after years of declining production. Last years increase in rubber production of 5. per cent is a comparison with the previous years production that was the lowest ever. This increasing trend of last year has continued into the first seven months of this year, when rubber production increased by . per cent to 5.8 metric tons. It is likely that rubber production this year could be around 5 million metric tons. This would be about a 10 per cent increase from that of 000.

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Prices; The recent increase in production has been owing to an improvement in rubber prices from April last year. Several factors account for the improvement in prices. The price of synthetic rubber has increased perhaps due to a rise in petroleum prices. The major rubber producing countries of Asia have come to an agreement to curtail rubber production by 4 per cent, while the demand for natural rubber from China has increased. These factors are likely to exert an upward pressure on prices, a welcome change from the crash in rubber prices with the Asian economic crisis in 17.

Last year rubber prices increased by about 5 per cent in rupee terms. Latex crepe prices doubled between December 001 and December 00. Since 17 rubber prices declined to levels that were lower than the cost of production. This curtailed rubber tapping till there was an upturn in prices. Currently it is contended that rubber is the most profitable plantation crop. If prices continue to rise the profitability of rubber is assured.

Secular Decline ; Despite the improvement in prices, the expectation of the rubber industry attaining the heights it once held is most unlikely owing to the decline of the industry in the past four decades. Some of the declining trends cannot be reversed. As far back as in 160 rubber production reached a peak production of 160 million kilograms. Since then it declined and in 000 rubber production was only 87 million kilograms. In 000 the countrys rubber production was only 54 per cent of that 40 years ago. Rubber production in 000 was 1 per cent less than six years ago in 15. In 001 rubber production decreased by a further 1.8 per cent to reach the lowest production ever of 86 million kilograms.

This performance in Rubber production has indeed been very disappointing. It would be difficult to reverse the factors accounting for this decline even with a remunerative price. Many factors account for this. The declining prices for rubber, especially the shock of the Asian crisis in 16 dealt a severe blow to an industry plagued with a number of problems.

The industry has hardly recovered from this set back. Meanwhile rubber lands are being converted to urban and industrial uses that are more lucrative. The area under rubber production has declined from about 00 thousand hectares in 10 to 157 thousand hectares in 000. The area under rubber cultivation was the same even in 00.but the area under tapping had reduced from 1,000 hectares in 001 to 15,000 hectares last year. This trend may gain momentum as the pace of urbanization and industrialization gathers momentum.

If this trend of a reduction in extent under rubber continues there would be inadequate domestic rubber for local rubber goods manufacture. This is especially unfortunate, as the trend has been for a greater use of domestic rubber for local rubber goods manufacture. It would indeed be a sad day if our rubber manufacturing industries were unable to source the raw material from within the country.

Future ; The replanting of rubber and inter-cropping of smallholdings rubber with other crops would require to be explored. The latter would ensure greater resilience in the face of fluctuating international prices that has characterised the rubber industry for a long time. There is a need to expand the area under higher yielding rubber clones to achieve much higher rubber yields than at present. In fact Sri Lankas rubber yield is about the lowest.

In view of rubber-based industries in the country expanding production, a new perspective on the future of rubber is needed. There is every rationale for increasing rubber production owing to this ready market for over 60 per cent of current rubber production. An expansion in the area under cultivation and improved varieties of rubber being planted would be needed.

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Blackwell county in response to the book

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Blackwell County

Society in Blackwell County is built upon political connections and family routes. Chances are that if you were born into a poor family in the mountains, you will have no chance of elevating yourself to a higher social class. There was not one rags to riches story throughout the essay. The county is run by the minority of wealthy that live there. Each side (the wealthy and the poor) seemed to have misconceptions about what they believed the other was like.

A common theme throughout seemed to be that the rich are getting richer and the poor are becoming more abundant. Communication is severely lacking between the two groups, which is why they exist independently of each other. The people who live in the mountains have a corrupt and unsuccessful school system where dropping out by high school is commonplace. The other sector that sends their children to the prestigious city school have an abnormal amount of students that continue onto college. Most of the time these children return to Blackwell County where they occupy high paying jobs.

The two most prominent men in the community, Creed Parker and Joey Scott, seem to have a monopoly on the entire county. If they do not own something, then they have the power to influence decisions. People are afraid of being blackballed so they try their best to appease Parker and Scott. Though Parker and Scott employ thousands, they do not pay well. Scott admits to hiring his employees based on who he knows and the age of the employer. He claims that he hires well to do high school kids because they are going somewhere in life; he readily admits that he doesn't have much respect for a person who accepts being a grocery bagger their whole life.

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Many of the poor in the county are illiterate and not skilled. Most accept the fact that they cannot move up in society and they happily collect their welfare checks. There are some however, who want to get a job but either cannot find steady work or don't earn enough to pay the bills. This is a direct result of politics in the community and the continual class segregation that will undoubtedly persist for years to come. There will be no positive resolution until the upper class is willing to accept the lower class into society by helping to build a better education system reinforced by social programs willing to integrate them into the working class. Until then, there will be no avenues to upward social mobility in Blackwell County.

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Analytical essay - MacBeth film comparison

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Deemed as one of Shakespeare's most tragic plays, 'MacBeth' ventures deep within the dark side of human nature. What makes Shakespeare's plays successful is that the themes behind them are still relevant in today's society. Two directors, Polanski and Freestone, have tried to recapture the story of MacBeth through the use of film. A comparison between the two separate versions can be found in scenes such the 'killing of King Duncan' scene. While Polanski has decided to truly reflect human nature, Freestone wanted to recapture the general storyline without too much manipulation of the text, but creative visuals. This comparison reflects the director's interpretation of the play, and their view behind the theme of the play.

A more political approach was used in Polanski's version of the play. This is highlighted by King Duncan's crown, which he wore in his sleep. When MacBeth first struck Duncan, a cut away of the crown falling to the ground was used. Not until the death of Duncan did the crown stop spinning. This symbolises the political decline of King Duncan, and the royal beginning for MacBeth. The impression of MacBeth's motives in Polanski's version is that he was only killing Duncan for Political reasons. Polanski has deliberately intended this to add an 'only business' attitude to the scene, maintaining realism and human nature. Freestone intentions to recreate the general storyline were clear as he uses religion as opposed to politics. As religion was a big part of society back then, he shows Lady MacBeth wearing a cross, and more importantly, gives King Duncan a God like appearance.

It is extremely obvious that Polanski's film contains more gore than freestones film. When Polanski's MacBeth is striking Duncan with the dagger, the penetration of the dagger into Duncan's body is not discrete. More bloody violence is further emphasized with a close up of the dagger going through Duncan's neck and blood spurting all over MacBeth. The blood in Polanski's film is also more red and thick compared to Freestone's. Instead, Freestone conveys a more physiological violence with the aid of Lady MacBeth's red dress. Furthermore, when Lady MacBeth finishes off Duncan, she seems to have enjoyed killing him as she came out with an insane grin on her face. Perhaps Polanski has made his version gorier because his past experiences of World War Two influenced his view of reality.

The director's view of women is expressed fully by the nature and characterisation of Lady MacBeth. Where Polanski's view of Lady MacBeth is portrayed as being a guide to MacBeth, Freestone version of lady MacBeth is manipulative. Polanski's version of Lady MacBeth is more upset when she finds out MacBeth still has the daggers whereas Freestone's Lady MacBeth is angry and implies that MacBeth is useless. Polanski's view of women is neutral as he keeps the realism of females and how they were expected to act back in that era. Perhaps Freestone deliberately used Lady MacBeth as a manipulative tool and defied the ideology of women in that era because of his opinion of women today.

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Lighting has a significant effect in helping to reinforce the aim of both films. As Polanski wanted to integrate realism into his film, natural light such as the fading darkness was used to create a realistic version of Duncan's chamber at the crack of dawn. Freestone's use of lighting was more unrealistic with a distinct blue glow surrounding MacBeth as he opened Duncan's chamber door. Obviously freestone wished to fully emphasize the significance of the scene, as his only intention was to recreate the storyline effectively.

Although viewers may dislike Polanski's version of MacBeth after the murder, they still might empathize with him as he hesitates to kill him, and the fact he might not have killed him if Duncan would not have woken up. The impression is that MacBeth killed Duncan through fear and regrets doing it. Freestone's MacBeth walks straight in the chamber quickly and wounds Duncan in one angry blow with his dagger. Comparing both scenes, viewers will dislike Freestone's version of MacBeth more than Polanski's human nature driven MacBeth. Freestone probable sees the play as a violent tragedy whereas Polanski probably sees the play as a tragedy upon human nature.

It is consistently shown throughout the murder scene and the whole play that Polanski and Freestone's versions indeed reflect the director's own interpretation and views of society. It was found that Polanski's film was more of a Didactic version of MacBeth and Freestone's film was a one dimensional storyline emphasizing MacBeth's decent into evil. While Freestone's 'MacBeth' is an effective recreation of the original play, Polanski's 'MacBeth' seems to be more successful in upholding the main theme Shakespeare placed upon his play.

Please note that this sample paper on Analytical essay - MacBeth film comparison is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Analytical essay - MacBeth film comparison, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college papers on Analytical essay - MacBeth film comparison will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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3 Unit English HSC Postmodernism and perscribed Texts.

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1. How effectively does Possession by A.S Byatt reflect and/or challenge the dominant ways of thinking of the time in which it was composed?

The year 10 saw the publication of A.S Byatt's Possession-A Romance. Composed during a time where the dominant discourse in literature, academia, architecture and ideology was consumed by postmodernism. Byatt conscious of the movement has effectively created a text that incorporates post-modern elements, through the use of bricolage, pastiche and a strong sense of self-reflexivity in a fragmented plot with a hybrid of genres. As well as reflecting postmodernism, Byatt challenges the movement through constructing a 1th Century Victorian love story with a conclusive ending and linear storyline.

Postmodernism was a movement, perhaps reaching its pinnacle during the 180's and 0's by challenging 'traditionalist' conventions in religion, art, music and most notably literature. All were disregarded or challenged by a 'new' dominant way of thinking and interpreting. Byatt has successfully been able to incorporate postmodern ideals through a text that is highly self-reflective in its narrative.

The self-reflexivity used by Byatt is prominent throughout most of the novel, where the responder is forced to focus on his/her role within the text rather than a preconceived idea formulated by Byatt. Where parts of the text are 'missing' or open to interpretation, as a result of textual fragmentation, Byatt consciously and subtly self-reflects to portray her thoughts, through the characters of Maud and Roland.

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" Coherence and closure are deep human desires that are presently unfashionable." P 4. From this quote the responder is allowed an insight into the mind of Byatt, who is perhaps insinuating a 'romance' will not occur between the novels contemporary protagonists, as this would not correspond with the principles of postmodernism. "Where these thoughts original?" Where Maud and Roland become conscious of their role within the text, Byatt is subtly revealing her own postmodern convictions, whilst admitting to her inability to produce a piece of original text.

Therefore the logic behind Possession merely reflecting a Victorian romance, one where contemporary characters are forced to follow the steps of their predecessors as Byatt is also compelled to do.

The film Moulin Rouge directed by Baz Lurhmann also adopts self-reflective techniques by the premeditated use of anachronism, to de legitimise the text as being nothing more than fictitious, allowing the responder to be all too aware that it is not reality, merely a musical and theatrical montage of appropriated contexts. Moulin Rouge uses self-reflexivity by including frames in a film regarding the making a stage play. The remarks mad by the Duke, "At the end should someone die?" Also acknowledges the 'rules' of a text and acknowledges itself as an integral part of these conventions.

Correspondingly Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead, composed by Tom Stoppard, is also highly self-reflective. Stoppard gives two minor characters from Shakespeare's Hamlet major roles. Both characters are knowingly aware of their position within the text as they discover their purpose. The outcome is predetermined through the title, however questions for a conclusive narrative are never met, and the responder is left to construe meaning.

Simulacra is another technique employed by Byatt that reflects 'post-modernism'. Simulacra is defined by Jean Baudillard as, "the present unable to progress and must continue to parallel and build upon the past." Therefore history has ended and may only evolve by repeating itself. The concept of simulacra is implored by Maud, Roland and Val. Involved in a contemporary love triangle their lives mirror that of their Victorian counterparts Christabel, Ash and Ellen. The actions and lives of Randolph Henry Ash and Christabel LaMotte become so integral that without their relationship Maud and Roland's could not exist. "Roland thought…that he and Maud were being driven by a plot or fate…not their own fate or plot but that of those other"p41.

Simulacra is a technique used also in Moulin Rouge, where characters instead of forming there own original thoughts, ideas, music and dialogue opt to express themselves through contemporary artists, such as U, and John Lennon.

Bricolage is a prominent postmodern technique used by Byatt throughout Possession, to legitimise the relationship between Ash and LaMotte. Possession contains many different literary exserts including letters, poems, fairytales and short stories. These do not detract form the plot but rather give Possession its historical/detective genre. Although very fragmented the letters allow the relationship between Ash and LaMotte a greater depth. The bricolage of texts creates intrigue, holds suspense and provides clues as part of the novel's detective genre. This is no more obvious than in the rhymes of "Tales For Innocence" in chapter five where LaMottes' rhymes give the responder a preordained idea as to the location of the love letters.

Whilst Possession reflects postmodernism, it also paradoxically challenges it. Through the acknowledgement of absolute truths, such as 'love'. The title itself works to offer a set of "Mills and Boom" principles and instantly allows the responder to recognise its foremost genre. The realisation that Maud and Roland have discovered love, an idealistic notion that holds modern ideals and challenges postmodernism. Both Maud and Roland do believe in structure and absolute truths. Even though the quote "We live in the truth of what Freud discovered…we are really free to suppose." 45, incorporates pastiche by quoting academic work of Sigmund Freud, the ideal in its simplest form is 'truth' a concept that does not exist in post-modern context. Although Maud later quotes "We never say the word love-we know it's a suspect ideological construct." Maud and Roland are ultimately forced to acknowledge an absolute truth in love for they are compelled to follow the paths of LaMotte and Ash, in a time where postmodernism and its conventions did not exist

Similarly Moulin Rouge challenges postmodernism through its acceptance of absolute truth. It upholds the absolute truths of "beauty, freedom and above all things love." The film is also has a conclusive storyline, in the same way as Possession, Moulin Rouge has a distinct ending and leaves little to interpretation.

One way in which Possession challenges postmodernism is its linear time frame, and structure. Chapter by chapter we uncover more of the mystery; characters evolve in a structured and progressive frame. Although often fragmented by use of bricolage and a hybrid of genres. The novel does have a beginning, middle and end. Byatt also includes a postscript and preface that beginning the novel with a piece from The House of Seven Gables. Therefore the romance is of a traditional sense with a conclusive resolution and a coherent storyline.

And as in a traditional detective novel all conflicts have a resolution, with the mystery

uncovered. Also evident is the Victorian realities of romance, history, science and literature a recovery of true life, and of a realism in poetry. The conventions of the Victorian era are portrayed by Byatt in Ash's Swammerdam although constructed by Byatt herself the ideology and beliefs portrayed in Swammerdamm challenge postmodernism in that they do no reflect the dominant way of thinking from which the text was actually composed.

Parody is another way Byatt challenges the dominant way of thinking. According to post modernism parody has become extinct and has been replaced by 'Black Parody'.

However through characters such as Leonora Stern, Black Adder and Cropper Byatt deliberately set out to ridicule and stereotype through characterisation and word play.

Scream is an example of a postmodern text that both reflects and challenges in similar ways. Resembling Possession, Scream is also 'self-reflective', with a plot that has no independence. Characters are compelled to follow "the rules" of a horror film. Director Wes Craven has imitated Byatt by also incorporating parody in stereo typed characters. Sidney Prescott plays the quiet high school beauty, her friend Tatum plays the role of naive pretty blonde cheer girl, who is absolutely helpless and "guaranteed to be a victim" according to geek Randy who no one listens to but has all the answers, and Gale Weathers a corny news reporter who is over eager and all too enthused. All characters are a parody of Hollywood horror film convention and like the characters in Possession set to confront the dominant way of thinking by challenging postmodernism.

The complete rejection of postmodern ideals by both Maud and Roland despite they're living in a postmodern world is another way Byatt challenges postmodernism. The negativity of postmodernism is felt by Roland and Maud who need structure and limitations, "a clean empty bed, in a clean empty room." P67. Also through the satire of Leonora Stern an American Lesbian academic. Byatt is able to de-legitimise postmodernism, as Leonora is the embodiment of over emphasised theories. Through her chiefly postmodern papers, and ideas relating to LaMotte's poetry she saturates it with ridiculous and outlandish inferences.

Overall Possession paradoxically reflects and challenges dominant ways of thinking from the era it was composed. Byatt incorporates postmodern techniques such as bricolage, pastiche and simulacra all contained within a highly self-reflective narrative. However it also though parody, structure and conflicts becoming resolved with a definitive ending to the text that Byatt is able to challenge postmodernism, an make inferences to other ideology such as Freudianism and Darwinism, that shape the 'Victorian' ways of thinking portrayed through the lives of Ash and LaMotte providing a stark contrast of ideas and set rules.

B.M Rousek.

Ben Rousek. An Essay on how Possession by A.S Byat refelcts and challenges conceptual ideals of postmodernism.

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Effects of alcohol

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Persuasive Essay

Drinking should be banned from public places and should only be used at home. Why do I think this way? Alcohol usually drunk at a public place like a bar, leads to horrible disasters such as car crashes. Not only does alcohol hurt you, it puts other lives on the roads at risk. Surveys have discovered that more than fifty percent of high school seniors have drunk alcohol rather than any other drugs (Grosshandler 6). This makes alcohol one of the most popular drinks for the young teenagers. Knowing that alcohol is used the most rather than any other drugs; there may soon be an increase on drunk drivers and a decrease of sober drivers. Since the consequences are not severe enough, alcohol should just be banned from public places so that the roads will be safer. Therefore, I think alcohol should be banned from public places because it affects the driver drink home, it affects the body of the drinker and it will definitely make the roads as safe as your home.

The most obvious way alcohol affects you after drinking is the way you drive.

Alcohol loosens the muscles of a body causing your eyes to function in a different way. First of all, it affects the focus of the eye. Since the muscles that control your eyes are relaxed, your eyes will not allow the images received penetrate to your brain (Grosshandler 4). The brain, the most important organ to help you do whatever your intending to do, will not be able to see clear images since the alcohol had already relaxed the muscles. This will make your vision seem like a person who has just lost their glasses a sees nothing but blurry images. Moreover, if you try to focus, you may see doubles. Your muscles try to work while its relaxed but instead of helping you see, it makes your eyes see two things. Most car accidents happen when double vision occurs. Drunk drivers drive closer and closer to their destination but then they see doubles. Now the brain cannot decide which way to go to pass the car ahead since there is a car in front of the driver and your eyes see two cars (Grosshandler 4). Boom! Now the driver has an accident. Double vision is only one way that can lead you into a dreadful accident. Last, the alcohol affects how the drunk driver's eyes react to the headlights of another car (Grosshandler 4). When a human is sober, their pupils adjust so that it does not harm your eyes. Darkness makes the pupils grow bigger, and brightness makes the pupils smaller. When you are drunk, the pupils contract after contacting with bright lights and it takes the pupil a longer time to adjust back to normal. This contraction leaves a driver in their car driving and not being able to see for several seconds (Grosshandler 4). This is one reason alcohol should be banned from public places.

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"Analysis of a Narrative: George Orwell's "Shooting An Elephant"

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George Orwell's works are very compelling and descriptive. I have previously read the story "Animal Farm," which was also by Orwell. Seeing different works by the same author has been beneficial because I know that there is more than one way to write an interesting essay. In "Shooting An Elephant" Orwell depicts an intriguing narrative essay that motivates his readers'. In it Orwell describes how he is hated by the Burmans and Buddhist priest because he is an officer for the British Empire. One day a sub-inspector from the police station calls and tells him there is an elephant that has broken loose and is going through the village causing destruction. The trainer is too far away from the elephant, so Orwell has to think of something. After he finds the elephant he is faced with the decision on whether or not to shoot it. All the Burmans are there waiting on him to kill the elephant so they can use it as food. So finally, he gives into the pressure from the Burmans and kills it so he doesn't look like a fool. At first this essay may seem bland to some, but as the reader continues they are captivated by his conflicts, narrative points, how he relates everything back to his thesis, and his descriptive details. This is what makes Orwell's essay such a good example of a narrative.

Displayed in the essay are not only internal conflicts that Orwell deals with, but external ones as well. The first conflict introduced was man versus man. The Burmans and Buddhist priests do not like Orwell because he is a European police officer for the British Empire. This is ironic because he disliked the Burmans too. He stated "that the greatest joy in the world would be to drive a bayonet into a Buddhist priest's guts" (10). This is a good example of how there can be more than one conflict within a story and within a main character. Then, the conflict man verses self came about after Orwell finds the elephant and he has to make a decision on whether or not to shoot it.

People can perceive this essay's narrative point differently because there are many good ideas illustrated. Some may be hard to find but personally, I found the narrative point easily at the beginning of the essay. Orwell states, "It was a tiny incident in itself, but it gave me a better glimpse than I had had before of the real nature of imperialism-the real motives for which despotic governments act" (10). Reader's may go over and over an essay and never find it, but if it happens to be expressed as explicitly as it is in Orwell's, there will be no difficulty in identifying it.

Evaluating Orwell's essay, it is apparent his details flow together and are consistently interesting. In the beginning he has a descriptive introduction that causes the readers' to reflect back and remember why he shoots the elephant. Throughout this essay, how the people will react and think of him is important to

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Orwell and his actions. He states that, "in every crisis he has got to do what the "natives" expect of him," (1). Again, this leads to the outcome of the remaining

paragraphs in the essay and is crucial in keeping readers attentive.

The details described in Orwell's essay are so realistic; it makes the reader feel as if they are really there. For example, when the elephant was on the rampage he killed and trampled an Indian. The words he uses to explain him were very visual and specific; it made the reader feel as if they were present. He also stated how he felt as he was looking at the Indian, which gives the essay extra meaning. He said, "Never tell me, by the way, that the dead look peaceful. Most of the corpses I have seen looked devilish" (11). This allows the reader to picture the Indian's corpse more clearly, through someone else's eyes. Also, when Orwell shot the elephant, he uses descriptive terminology to keep the reader's attention. It was not just one shot and the elephant was dead, it was a drawn out tedious task that took a while. He wrote, "I waited a long time for him to die," and "It seemed dreadful to see the great beast lying here, powerless to move and yet powerless to die, and not even be able to finish him" (1). These statements affect the reader because they are so descriptive and they take them into the story.

Overall, Orwell wrote a narrative essay that had an unusual conflict that made the readers' realize how weak humans are when their integrity is challenged. The arrangement of the essay was effective. The conflicts he wrote about were interesting and displayed his narrative point quite well. The descriptiveness

present keeps the readers' attention until the end. Once the reader starts the essay, it will be difficult to put it down before they are done with it.

Please note that this sample paper on "Analysis of a Narrative: George Orwell's "Shooting An Elephant" is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on "Analysis of a Narrative: George Orwell's "Shooting An Elephant", we are here to assist you. Your essay on "Analysis of a Narrative: George Orwell's "Shooting An Elephant" will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Budget surplus for recreational

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Dear Mayor

It is to my understanding that your community has a budget surplus and wants to address the problem of an increasing crime rate. Two proposals are under consideration. One proposal is to have more police officers to lock up criminals and the second proposal is to build a recreational center to keep young people off the streets and out of trouble. I suggest the surplus money should be used to build a recreational center in order to keep young people off the streets and out of trouble. It will improve the quality of life in your neighborhood.

Building a recreational center for kids will give them a place to hang out after school. This recreational center will be a fun and educational place. This place can be used for research for students just like a library. We can also arrange for a library a study where kids can be helped with their homework assignments. They can just hang out there, read a book or log on to the computer. It is just like an after school program knowing that your child is in the safe place after school will improve the quality of life in your neighborhood.

Statistic shows that the majority of teens that attend high school get involved in dealing with drugs. It is proven that taking drugs can result in the person becoming unconscious. This will result in committing crimes like shoplifting or murdering someone if the kid has a knife or gun. Keeping our streets safe will improve the quality of life in our neighborhood we should build that recreational center.

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Using that surplus money to have more police officers to lock up criminals is not a good idea as to build a recreational center. We don't need police officers just to lock up criminals. But instead we need some place for our teens to be after school where they can be safe. If they are out in the streets something will eventually happen. There are teens that deal with drugs, smoke and alcohol. We can prevent this from happening by building a recreational center for teens. We don't need police to lock up criminals because all those teens will be recreational center which means there will be fewer kids out in the streets. Less kids outside means less crime, which will improve the quality of life in the neighborhood.

Thus while having more police officers to lock up criminals is important the lack of recreational center for idle teens is absolutely necessary at the same time. Such facility will provide teens with the opportunity to engage in creative play in safe environment, which would keep them off the streets. This will improve the quality of life not for the children but also for members in the community as well.

Please note that this sample paper on budget surplus for recreational is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on budget surplus for recreational, we are here to assist you. Your essay on budget surplus for recreational will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Cloudstreet

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Experience shows that few people really understand what "Euthanasia" is. Euthanasia is not turning off respirators or life support machines. Turning off respirators and life support machines is merely recognizing that only intrusive medicine is keeping a person alive. Taking away that intrusive treatment, the person dies naturally. On the contrary, euthanasia is the deliberate causing of a patients premature death. For example, a doctor gives a lethal injection to a patient, or someone hooks up a face mask and tubing to a canister of carbon monoxide and then instructs the suicidal person on how to push the lever so that they will be gassed to death. For all practical purposes any distinction between euthanasia and assisted suicide have been abandoned today.

Arguments for

ɨ Can quickly and humanely end a patients suffering

ɨ Can help to shorten grief and suffering of patient's family

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ɨ Would help others face death if they could die with dignity

Arguments against

ɨ There are many pain killing drugs which can help the patient die naturally with dignity

ɨ A patient might not be able to make a rational decision or might change their mind but be incapable of telling the doctors

ɨ Old people may feel they are a nuisance to others and go for euthanasia

ɨ People may recover

ɨ If there were better facilities to care for the dying there would be less need for euthanasia

ɨ Life is a gift from God and only God should take that away

Euthanasia in Australia (pre-15)

In the last decade or so several Australian states and territories have taken action aimed at guaranteeing the right of adult patients of sound mind to direct that extraordinary measures to prolong life be stopped. South Australia passed the Natural Death Act in 18, Victoria the Medical Treatment Act in 188, the Northern Territory the Natural Death Act in 188 and the Australian Capital Territory passed the Medical Treatment Act in 14. NSW issued "interim guidelines" in 1.

Laws affecting Euthanasia

Euthanasia laws are complex and differ from State to State in Australia. The States and Territories, rather than the Commonwealth mainly administer criminal law in Australia. The civil law relating to medical treatment and contract law is relevant.

The States of Victoria and South Australia and the Northern Territory have enacted legislation concerning medical treatment. A Medical Treatment Bill based on the Victorian Act was rejected by the Tasmanian Parliament and the New South Wales government scrapped an earlier proposal to enact legislation based on the South Australia Natural Death Act.

Despite the existence of codes in some States and Territories, the laws relating to murder and manslaughter are similar throughout Australia. Euthanasia is a criminal offence in each Australian jurisdiction (except for the Northern Territory at one stage). Suicide, the intentional taking of ones life is no longer an offence in any Australian jurisdiction except attempted suicide is an offence in the Northern Territory. However it is an offence in all Australian jurisdictions to assist or encourage another to commit or attempt to commit suicide.

Law Concerning Medical Treatment Every competent patient has the right to refuse medical treatment provided they don't do so with the intention of committing suicide. Such a right has been long recognised by the common law. Up until recently it was generally accepted that except as provided in statutes or where treatment is sanctioned by a court, an adult person's consent is necessary for an surgery or other medical treatment on that person. The law had recognised that a surgeon may perform an urgent operation on an unconscious patient who could consent, but this can have some risk of civil action for the doctor.

The Rights of the Terminally III Act 15 (NT)

On the 5th May 15 the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly passed the RTI Act by 15 votes to 10. The legislation originated as a private member's bill introduced into the Northern Territory Legislation Assembly on nd February 15 by the then chief minister of the Northern Territory, Marshall Perron.

The RTI Act allows a doctor to accede to a request from a terminally ill, competent adult patient for assistance in ending the patient's life if specified conditions are satisfied. A doctor who provides such assistance in compliance with this legislation is immune from any civil or criminal action and from any discipline action, provided the doctor has acted in good faith and without negligence. This includes all the other people who have any thing to do with the death of the patient.

If a doctor does choose to comply with a patient's request under the RTI Act, the doctor may prescribe a lethal substance or administering the lethal substance to the patient. The RTI Act authorises both so-called 'physician-assisted suicide' and so-called 'active voluntary euthanasia'. The passage of this legislation made the Northern Territory the first and the only jurisdiction in the world to enact legislation that expressly allows doctors to engage in both physician-assisted suicide and active voluntary euthanasia.

The RTI Act and regulations made under the legislation came into effect on 1st July 16. In it's current form, the legislation incorporates amendments passed on 0th February 16 relating to the number and qualifications of the doctors who must assess a patient requesting assistance under the legislation, and relating to the interpreter provisions of the legislation. At the time of writing, four people are known to have used the RTI Act to obtain a doctor's assistance to end their lives.

Legal Attacks on the Rights of the Terminally III Act 15 (NT)

There have been a number of attempts to overturn or otherwise invalidate the RTI Act since the legislation was passed by the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly.

Opponents of the legislation argued that the governor-general of Australia should exercise his powers under the Northern Territory Act 178 (Cth) and disallow the legislation. The governor-general could have done this within six months of the assent to the legislation by the Administrator of the Northern Territory which occurred on 16th June 15. The governor-general did not use these powers to disallow the legislation. There were attempts in the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly in February, March and August 16 to repel the RTI Act but all these attempts failed.

The Andrew's Bill

The Euthanasia Laws Bill 16 (the Andrews Bill), was introduced into the Federal House of Representatives on th September 16 by Kevin Andrews, a liberal backbencher from Victoria. It passed by a vote of 88 to 5. The Andrew's Bill seeks to take away the power of the legislative assemblies of the Northern Territory, the Australian Capital Territory and Norfolk Island to make laws. With the passing of the Andrew's Bill the Senate was able to overturn the RTI Act.

Three Australia states and territories have seriously considered euthanasia, in each case as a result of private members Bills. The legislative proposals all contained the following elements

1) Means for a person to make a request that he/she be killed

) Matters relating to acknowledge the patients needs (i.e. information about health status and likelihood of recovery)

) Means for a doctor to officially state matters relating to the patient's health status (i.e. that the patient is of sound mind at the time of making the decision and that the patient is suffering from an incurable disease)

4) Details of the circumstances in which it shall be legal to comply with the person's request, including how the killing shall be carried out and by whom

Several issues were raised in regards to the Euthanasia Act, concerning all member of both the Northern Territory and the rest of Australia. Both the pro's and con's had to be considered within these issues. The issues were

1) The Territory rights issue

) The claim that the Bill will lead to legal uncertainty

) The claim that the Northern Territory's Rights of the Terminally III Act would have unacceptable impacts on the Aboriginal community

4) The more general moral, philosophical, ethical and social arguments about euthanasia

5) Individuals rights and choices

6) The dignity

Effects on the Individual and Society

The Commonwealth parliament considered the Rights of the Terminally III Act to represent a basic shift in Australia's ethos and social fabric. It had additional national significance as all Australians could have used the Act. It therefore became not just a matter for the people of the Northern Territory but a matter concerning all Australians. The Commonwealth had the power to intervene in exceptional circumstances than euthanasia as it is an issue that deals with the life and death of Australian citizens.

Aboriginal communities were seen to oppose euthanasia, there was an overwhelming Aboriginal opposition to the Rights of the Terminally III Act. During the inquiry, prior to the passing of the Euthanasia Laws Bill, a major concern emerged about the Northern Territory legislation's impact on the willingness of Aboriginals to access medical services, given their attitudes to euthanasia and western medicine.

Proponents of voluntary euthanasia created argument based on individual rights, autonomy and choice. Those in favour of voluntary euthanasia maintained that the general public overwhelmingly supported its legislation and that such a move would merely bring under stringent control and regulation what in reality is already happening in practice.

Opponents of voluntary euthanasia based their arguments on the sanctity of life, religious beliefs to involuntary euthanasia and the erosion of medical ethics.

Individuals already have the unfettered right to abstain from medical treatment. Suicide is not a crime, although the community spend millions of dollars a year trying to prevent suicide. The Rights of the Terminally III Act does not so much change the law for the patient as it changes the law for the third party (the doctor). What should be illegal for the doctor became legal under the Rights of the Terminally III Act. 6.

Conclusion

In the midst of this debate, bear in mind one simple fact, if the Federal Parliament allowed this law to stand, people would die. Whether the issue is refusing to prolong life mechanically, assisting suicide or active euthanasia, we eventually have to confront societies fears towards death.

Death and dying is not always easy for people to accept but it is an inevitable part of life. However the issues that surround euthanasia are not only about death and dying but are

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