Emancipation, it's not just divorcing your parents

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For months, Jodie had waited in anticipation for New York State University to send their response as to whether or not she had gotten accepted into the college. Her goal was to become a famous movie director after she had gotten a degree in Film Production from NYU, which was located in one of the most happening cities in the country. Her parents weren't too fond of this idea, and looked down upon her decision to attend the school. They didn't go to college, so they decided that they wouldn't allow her to go either. Against her parent's will, she secretly applied to the university anyway. Three months later, a large letter with the initials "NYU Admissions Department" which graced the smooth envelope addressed to Jodie arrived in the mail. Excitedly, she opened it up and read "Congratulations, you have been accepted!" She jumped for joy, until her parents found out, and refused to let her travel 2 thousand miles to attend the university. "Well, if you don't like my decisions, I'll just move out!" is what Jodie screamed at the top of her voice while storming up the stairs to her room in tears. She then though, "Hey, why don't I just leave anyway? It can't be too hard to live on my own…"

Quite often in the United States, teenagers have decided to do just that, and have gained the legal power to make their own financial and life decisions. But it's not easy, and the process of becoming legally independent before you're 18 can be lengthy and difficult. "Divorcing your parents," as some refer to it, doesn't happen just because you're tired of being yelled at, and it is not a process to be taken lightly. Becoming emancipated means that it is necessary to completely support yourself financially, and to also have the right to make decisions which would normally need parental consent. To be emancipated by the court, you must be at least 16 years old. You must also meet one of the following conditions: You must be married, be in the U.S. armed forces, must be living apart from your parents or guardian and be managing your own money, or the court must decide that emancipation is in the best interests of you, or your parents. Most people wonder if emancipation is ethical or not. If a parent can't divorce their child, how can a child divorce their parent?

Normally, a parent has legal power over a minor until he or she reaches the age of 18. Legal dependence is defined by a California law (Code 19-7-1) as "remaining under the control of one's parents, who are entitled to the minor's services and the proceeds of their labor." In other words, until you're 18, your parents legally have control over you and any money you may earn. On the contrary, there are options that can be undertaken to disregard those legalities. According to many laws in the United States, there are three ways that a parent's rights can be given up: adoption, mistreatment of the child, or the marriage of the child.

In adoption parents can give up their rights or they can be taken away by the state, says Ann Deibel, a consultant with the Office of Adoption in the Department of Human Resources (DHR). A parent can give her child to DHR, a licensed adoption agency, or to another adult through the Superior Court.

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Parental power can also be lost because of neglect or abuse such as a child often being left home alone or in the neighborhood for long periods without supervision. Likewise, if the child is frequently hungry, dressed inadequately for the weather, absent from school frequently, bruised or has other marks of physical violence, withdrawn or overly aggressive, and not receiving needed medical attention Deibel says although the department is responsible for trying to "reunify the family," they can petition to terminate the parents' rights in juvenile court. To most, it seems fair for a child to have a say as to whether or not he or she wants to leave from their household, but in instances like this, the state would take the liberty to remove the child right away.

The third way a parent's rights can be relinquished is through marriage of the teen. The Georgia Code for instance, states that "Parental power shall be lost by: Consent to the marriage of the child, who thus assumes inconsistent responsibilities." In other words, when teens get permission to marry, they become legally independent.

Some states, such as Florida make no legal provisions for teenagers who simply don't want to live at home anymore. What about all the teens who say, "I can't wait to get out of this house!"? What separates these cases from those in which emancipation is a logical next step such as the examples above?

According to Chief Judge of the Fulton County Juvenile Court, Sanford Jones, "It's very fact-specific. There is no set qualification as to who can become emancipated... I had one case with a young woman who'd been living on her own, not knowing where her parents were, and that made sense for her. But I've had kids come in just saying, 'I don't like answering to my parents; I want to get emancipated,' and that doesn't mean as much." A young person who is at least 14 years old may petition the Superior Court of the county in which he or she lives. The petitioner must state that she is willingly living apart from her parents with their permission and is supporting herself financially in a legal manner. The court will notify your parents or guardian and the district attorney or your probation officer if you are on probation. The court will then decide whether granting you emancipation is in your best interests. If the court declares you emancipated, your DMV identification will show that you are emancipated, so people can treat you as an adult when you do things like apply for a job or enroll in college. The court may later set aside your emancipation, if it finds that it didn't know important facts when it granted it, or if you later cannot support yourself financially and become dependent upon public assistance.

As for how many teenagers undertake these proceedings, Jones says the cases are few and far between, "I hear of maybe two or three a year," he says, "so probably less than a dozen happen annually statewide. It isn't frequent at all." Judge Jones also showed negativity towards the legal process "You don't have the right at your age to choose where you want to live, or where you go to school. You shouldn't have the right to chose to get rid of your parents."

Emancipation began in the 1981 Northern District of Georgia District Court Case Street vs. Cobb County School District, a 17-year-old unmarried student at South Cobb High School petitioned to be recognized as legally independent of her parents. She lived on her own and wanted to attend school in the district in which she lived, as opposed to the one in which her parents lived. The courts eventually ruled that the young woman was legally independent of her parents, and legally recognized as emancipated.

This ruling took into account that while the girl's parents wished her to return home, she had no intention of doing so and had fully supported herself for four months. She was not married, but her mother said that although she wanted her daughter to return home, she would consent to her marrying her boyfriend. The court determined that to recognize a married minor as emancipated, while requiring a single person to remain in their parents' care until the age of 18, was unreasonable. This case set a precedent for unmarried minors to be legally independent of their parents in Georgia.

These days, some minors try to live away from their parents through more unofficial means. One approach some teens take is to run away from home. But, running away is a juvenile legal offense. "You are legally not emancipated if you run away, but you technically are if you can support yourself," clarifies Judge Jones, but the average runaway is not able to support themselves and, therefore, are not really emancipated. If a person under the age of 17 runs away from home, parents can issue a warrant. Then, the police can pick up the teen and return him or her to the parents, or to the Department of Family and Children Services. If there is no warrant, the teen can not be picked up as a runaway but can be held on another violation, like curfew.

Emancipated minors are responsible for themselves when it comes to everything, once the final law is put into place. Emancipation may seem glamorous, but life without parents is not all partying and eating what you want, there are negatives and positives just like there are for most decisions that are made.

Life with out parents can be a very positive experience if you have the ability and self worth to take charge of your life. Some optimistic advantages of being emancipated are as follows. A teenager may get their own place to live, but he or she will be responsible for paying the rent and any other costs. Also, he or she may get medical care without parental consent. A teen can sign contracts in their own name and are responsible for living up to the contract. It is possible to sue other people, and also be sued by others. A teen would no longer under the control of his or her parents, which means that the parents will have no obligation to support the teen financially, or provide any food, clothing, or shelter. Buying and selling property is possible for an emancipated child. Also, obtaining a driver's license or marriage license or joining the armed services without your parents' permission is possible as well. Lastly, you may enroll in a school or college of your choice without asking your parents.

Where there is a positive approach to a situation, there is also a negative approach as well. Emancipation is a major decision that can help a mature teenager who is getting little help from his or her parents to live a more independent life. But emancipation can also cause hard feelings within a family. It is sometimes possible for a teenager to get the relief and help that he or she needs without taking this step. For example: If a teen needs some relief from family problems, he or she might be able to stay with a friend or in a youth shelter for awhile. Most youth shelters will need parents' permission to let a child stay overnight. In a case where the parents have forced the teenager to leave, or will not let he or she return, or if it would be dangerous for he or she to return, that teen may be eligible for financial help from that state's Department of Social Services (DSS) even if you are not emancipated. You may be able to get help from the Department of Children and Families until you turn 18, including help in finding shelter.

Justin Strickland, an 18-year-old who attends West Lake High School in Southern California, has been emancipated since August, at which time he was 17. Justin says his reasons for leaving home were complicated and "not something I want to explain in full." Justin's life is nothing if not difficult these days. "I have a boring social life. I might go see my friends if I have time. I really don't go to parties," Justin says. He makes it clear that living on his own is not easy, frankly describing his daily routine: "I get up at about 5 a.m, go to class until 1, and from there I go to work from 2 to 5 p.m. and come home and do homework. I cook and there are dishes to wash and laundry to do. And then around 11:30 or 12 p.m., it's time for bed so that I can wake up in the morning."

Could you do everything Justin does? Being emancipated means you must work for yourself, provide substantial health care as well as finish your education.

Justin says about his schoolwork, "I don't think it's affected mine." But then he goes on to say, "There are times when I have to settle for a "B" because I don't have the time to devote it to the subject." "I don't live as comfortably as I did when I lived at home. There is no one to take care of me when I'm sick; there's no one to pick me up when it rains, and I have to walk a mile to my bus and back," says Justin. These difficulties are compounded by the lack of emotional support that most teenagers receive from their families. "You really depend on the emotional support from friends," he explains, on dealing with being independent. "The support network is really important."

In my opinion, I think that emancipation is a good idea for the most part. To help the process run more smoothly, I think that there should be certain guidelines that should be made clearer to teenagers considering this type of legal action. First of all, I suggest that there should be some sort of trial run for the teen before he or she is legally emancipated. That person should have six months or so to show that he or she is responsible financially, by having a stable, profitable job. This will be able to show whether that person can afford a proper home, and the necessities that are needed daily, such as food and clothing. Also, education should be mandatory. That teen should be able to show proof that he or she had been in some sort of education program. Likewise, good grades, and progress should be recorded, and be mandatory. If these requirements are met consistently without parental involvement, emancipation should take progress legally. A child who can take care of these responsibilities for that amount of time shouldn't have a hard time performing that same sort of routine for the rest of his or her life.

On the contrary, if these requirements are not met, and the child can not support his or herself, than obviously, legal action should not take place. I think it is important for the teenager to prove himself before legal action takes place.

In conclusion, I feel that emancipation will become more popular as today's society becomes more independent. Kids are becoming more and more responsible because of their sources of education, and from the problems that arise in the household. Sometimes in broken homes, children are forced to take responsibility for siblings and for parents, so why not for themselves legally? Some may say that emancipation is not ethical, or logical, but to the teenager himself, it is quite the contrary. It can be for many good causes, such as in Jodie's case, where now, she will be able to attend an extraordinary college and earn a very respectful degree without her parents holding her back.

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Soul mates

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Soul Mates

My community is a group of women who enjoy spending time together with our pugs. We hate men who snore like cows when they sleep, but we can not sleep without our baby pug snores next to us. We can live without a boyfriend or a husband, but we can not live without a pug to be there when we come home. We do not care if the world is going to end, but we will be freak out if our baby pug lost its appetite. I encountered this group of women, who like me are pug fans, after my husband bought me a pug for my Christmas present two years ago. I was trying to find a pug club for my baby pug, so he could learn how to socialize with other pugs. Surprisingly, I not only found friends for my baby pug, but also I had an opportunity to meet a group of women who have become my best friends. All the Members of my community care for one and another like a family, devote our passion to abandoned pugs, and strive to fit our distinct thoughts into society.

In my community we care for every one of the members like our family. Well, we do not go hiking like others who have a Labrador, or go hunting like others who have a Pointer. In contrast, just like a pug personality, we prefer to sit on the sofa with our baby pugs snuggled on our laps. We cry and scream when we complain about the problems in our lives; on the other hand, we laughed and hugged when someone told a story about how silly her baby pug had been. People spend money on finding a psychologist to solve their mental or physical problems. My community is like a free therapy center for every member. We never hesitate or feel embarrassed to share our anger or depression with one and another.

Also, sometimes I feel that every member treats me like I am a little sister, even thought I am not the youngest one in my community. After I told my community I am Taiwanese, everybody tried to comfort me when I was homesick. I will never forget how my community surprised me this year on the day of Chinese New Year. I was home alone and ate a pizza which I had left from the day before. Suddenly, the door bell rang. There was my community in the front of my house singing a Happy Chinese New Year song. I do not have a sister, but my community gives me a sisterhood that I really need. Especially, since all of my family is in Taiwan, which is a million miles away from America.

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When we hear there is an abandoned pug, every member of my community devotes to help it find a safe home enthusiastically. All the members of my community are volunteers for the Florida pug rescue association. Susan, who is the leader for this association, has been assisting pug rescue groups for almost ten years. She also adopted three pugs, who were abused by the previous owners. She is my motivational instructor because she always said to me, ¡§Can you image your baby pug was locked in your garage in a hundred degree temperature outside? People say that dogs are our best friends, but ¡§our best friends¡¨ are suffered with human's mistreatment.¡¨

I was never interested in any kind of charity and did not completely understand how wonderful it felt like to help an abandoned pug until I actually got involved with one of the projects. Last summer, I was asked to be a foster-mother for Sam, a ten-year-old male fawn pug, for three month. I was very nervous because Sam had at least five different prescriptions to take everyday, and each prescription had to be taken at a specific time of the day. Fortunately, Susan was calling me everyday and making sure that I followed the schedule for giving the medication to Sam. Two weeks after Sam was adopted, I received a thank you card from Sam's owner, who is a retired veterinarian, with a photograph of Sam swimming in the pool. I was so happy for Sam and proud of myself because after my heedful care, Sam did not need medications anymore.

However, because of our distinct thoughts, some members of my community have been struggling with the stereotype of a women's duty. My community believes that children are troublesome; we all think that we are not patient enough to raise a child. Also, we do not want to risk having a teenage son or daughter who might become harmful to society. That is why our members all chose a pug to be our life companion and treat our baby pug just like our child. Judy, who is a very intelligent woman with a Finance PhD. degree, got divorced three months ago. She had been fighting with her husband constantly about having children for a long time. As a result, Judy decided that a divorce was the only way to stop the argument. She said that she still loves her husband, but she knew that she could not settle for staying at home and changing diapers. Her husband blamed the divorce on my community because he believed that we made his wife dislike children. Judys story helped me realize that I am very lucky to have a husband who agrees with me in that we are not suited to have a child.

In short, I really appreciate my husband who bought me a cute pug that enabled me to meet the members of my community who in turn giving me guidance when I could not find my way in life. I love my community because we are like a big family; we share the joy and the sadness in our lives. Also, I admire the members of my community who never gives up their dream, no matter how hard their lives are. Of course, we as pug fans will continue to treat our baby pugs with warmth and loving care and expand our passion to protect abused pugs. In addition, since I am studying as a website designer, I am working on a webpage to find donations for the pug rescue group. I hope that someday I can create a website where my community can help pugs internationally.

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Ha, 9th grade polx

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A political party is an organized group of people whose ideas are alike about how to govern a country. In some places, like the U.S, anyone can be part of a political party, but in others, like China, only a few select people can join. Candidates are people trying to be elected to lead the government on behalf of their party. If they are elected, they try to get laws that they like passed, and to coordinate and run the government.

The three political party systems are the one-party system, the two-party system, and the multiparty system. One-party systems are found in China and Cuba. Two-party systems are found in the United States. Multiparty systems are found in Israel, Japan, and Italy.

In one-party systems, the government and the political party are almost the same thing. Only candidates from that one party are allowed to run for an office. Only a small percentage of the population usually belongs to the party. The advantage and the disadvantage of this system are the same. It is good and it is bad because it doesn't change very much. This would be good because there is little confusion and disagreement, but on the other hand, it is bad because no changes are made for the better. People's opinions aren't heard in this sort of system.

In two-party systems, there are two dominant parties. There are other parties, but they don't have a lot of effect on national elections. These parties have similar issues, but have different ways of dealing with the issues. The advantages of this party are that they usually don't advocate extreme positions because voters don't like that, so there is stability. Also, this system has continuity because the two parties switch in and out of power, so all members have knowledge of politics and the business of government. This makes transitions between the parties go smoothly. The disadvantage of the two-party system is that sometimes minority groups are not heard. Minor parties don't get much attention or publicity. Their ideas are usually only heard if one of the major parties decides to take up the issue.

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In a multiparty system, there are three or more parties that are trying to gain control of the government. The advantage of this party is that voters have more choices for their government. The disadvantage is that it is hard for one party to gain a majority in order to form a government. One party can get a plurality, or more votes than the other parties, but they might not have a majority, or more than half of the votes, which is what is needed to form a government. To get a majority, the party that won the plurality has to form a coalition in order to gain a majority. The problem with those are that the coalition governments can have conflicting idea about how the government should work. If the dissention is bad enough, the government can dissolve, and a new election has to be held to get a new government, like in Italy, where there have been more than 50 changes in the government since the end of WWII.

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Roe v. Wade and the History Of Abortion In America

Today, policies regarding legal abortion in the U.S. are being debated everywhere from the halls of Congress to the street corners of our smallest towns. Many myths and misconceptions confuse the issue. A better understanding of the history of abortion in America can help provide a context for making sound policy for the future.

Although the history of abortion in the United States is far older than the 17 Supreme Court case Roe v. Wade, that decision marked an important turning point in public health policy. It made it possible for women to get safe, legal abortions from well-trained medical practitioners and therefore led to dramatic decreases in pregnancy-related injury and death.

The Roe case arose out of a Texas law that prohibited legal abortion except to save a womans life. At that time, most other states had laws similar to the one in Texas. The effect of those laws was that large numbers of women resorted to illegal abortions that were dangerous because of poorly trained practitioners or unsanitary conditions. Jane Roe, a 1 year-old pregnant woman, represented all women who wanted abortions but could not get them legally and safely because of these laws. Henry Wade was the Texas Attorney General who defended the law that made abortions illegal.

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After hearing the case, the Supreme Court ruled that Americans right to privacy included the right of a woman to decide whether to have children, and the right of a woman and her doctor to make that decision without state interference.

The findings in Roe v. Wade

The Court attempted to balance the rights of women who want abortions and the states interest in protecting the health of the woman and the life of the fetus in the following way

In the first third of a pregnancy (about the first 1 weeks), state laws and regulations may not interfere with a womans right to end a pregnancy through abortion. This means that the decision whether or not to have an abortion is left to a woman and her physician.

During the second third of pregnancy (about 14 to 4 weeks), state laws may regulate abortion procedures in order to protect the womans health. This means that women can be assured that clinics which offer abortion services are regulated to ensure that safe medical procedures are followed.

During the last part of pregnancy (after about 4 weeks), and after the fetus is viable (developed enough to survive outside the mothers womb), state laws may prohibit abortion except when it is necessary to preserve the life or health of the woman. Most states (40 states and the District of Columbia) have passed laws to prohibit post-viability abortions under most circumstances. In fact, there are only a few doctors nationwide who offer post-viability abortion care to women who need it to save their life or health.

The aftermath of the Roe v. Wade decision

The reaction to Roe was swift. Supporters of legal abortion rejoiced and generally felt their battle was won. However, others faulted the Court for a decision they viewed as immoral. Those opposed to legal abortion immediately began working at the grassroots and national level to prevent any federal or state funding for abortion and to undermine or limit the effect of the decision. Some turned to measures directly aimed at disrupting the sites where abortions were being performed. Their tactics have included demonstrating in front of abortion clinics, harassing people trying to enter, vandalizing clinic property, and blocking access to the clinics. As time passed, the level of anti-choice violence escalated. Increasingly, clinic bombings, physical attacks, and even murders endanger abortion providers and create a hostile environment for women seeking abortions.

Retreat from Roe v. Wade

Initially, the framework of Roe v. Wade served as the basis by which the constitutionality of state laws related to abortion was determined. In recent years, however, the Supreme Court has begun to allow more restrictions on abortion. For instance, the Supreme Courts ruling in Planned Parenthood v. Casey in 1 established that states can restrict pre-viability abortions, even in the first trimester in ways that are not medically necessary, as long as such restrictions do not place an undue burden on women seeking abortion services. Thus many states now have restrictions in place such as requirements that young pregnant women involve their parents or a judge in their abortion decisions, that mandated waiting periods be observed between the time a woman first visits an abortion provider and when the abortion can be performed, and that scripts with information designed to frighten women and discourage women from having abortions be presented. Only the requirement that a woman involve her spouse in her decision was disallowed.

The Uncertain Future of Roe v. Wade

Right now, womens freedom of choice is hanging by a thread. Today the Supreme Court supports a womans right to choose by a slim 5-4 margin. Over the next few years, the likelihood that two or more anti-choice Justices could be appointed is very high. If just one Justice who currently supports Roe is replaced by one who does not, Roe could be reversed. If this were to happen, women would be forced to return to the days of unsafe and illegal back-alley abortions. We must work to ensure that access to safe abortion care remains a legal right for all women before it is too late.

Common Myths About the History of Abortion in America

MYTH In 17, the Supreme Courts Roe v. Wade decision made abortion legal for the first time in American history.

FACT Abortion has been performed for thousands of years, and in every society that has been studied. It was legal in the United States from the time the earliest settlers arrived on our shores until the mid- to late 1800s, when states began passing laws that made it illegal. Although a few states had liberalized their abortion laws in the late 160s and early 170s, the right to have an abortion was finally made available to all American women when the Supreme Court ruling in 17 struck down the remaining restrictive state laws.

MYTH The founding fathers never intended for abortion to be allowed in the United States.

FACT At the time the Constitution was adopted, abortions before quickening (the stage of pregnancy when the mother can feel fetal movement in the womb) were openly advertised and commonly performed. Abortion was something that the founding fathers would have been aware of, and presumably, they would not have remained silent about it if they had intended for the government to involve itself in this aspect of the private lives of its citizens.

MYTH In the 1800s, abortion was outlawed because it was so dangerous.

FACT During this time in history, all surgical procedures, including abortion, were extremely risky. Hospitals were not common, antiseptics were unknown, and even the most respected doctors had only primitive medical educations. Without the technology that we take for granted today, maternal and infant mortality rates during childbirth were extraordinarily high. The dangers from abortion were similar to the dangers from other surgeries that were not outlawed.

As scientific methods began to dominate medical practice, and technologies were developed to prevent infection, medical care on the whole became much safer and more effective. But by this time, the vast majority of women who needed abortions had no choice but to get them from illegal practitioners without these medical advances at their disposal. The back-alley abortion remained a dangerous, often deadly procedure, while areas of legally sanctioned medicine improved dramatically.

MYTH Abortion was outlawed because it is immoral.

FACT The motivations for anti-abortion laws varied from state to state, and included fears that soon the population would be dominated by the children of newly arriving immigrants, whose birth rates were higher than those of native Anglo-Saxon women. But the strongest force behind the drive to criminalize abortion was the attempt by doctors to establish for themselves exclusive rights to practice medicine. They wanted to prevent untrained practitioners, including midwives, apothecaries, and homeopaths, from competing with them for patients and for patient fees.

The best way to accomplish their goal was to eliminate one of the principle procedures that kept these competitors in business. Rather than openly admitting to such motivations, the newly formed American Medical Association (AMA) argued that abortion was both immoral and dangerous. This campaign was successful, and by 110, all but one state had criminalized abortion except where necessary, in a doctors judgment, to save the womans life. In this way, legal abortion was successfully transformed into a physicians-only practice.

The prohibition of legal abortion from the 1880s until 17 came under the same anti-obscenity or Comstock laws that prohibited the dissemination of birth control information and services. It is noteworthy that obscenity, abortion, and contraception should be so linked at a time when society deemed women incapable of making legally and socially responsible decisions and the law classified any attempts of women to make reproductive choices as unacceptable.

MYTH During the period when abortion was illegal, abortion was effectively outlawed and the safety of pregnant women was ensured.

FACT Criminalization of abortions did not reduce the numbers of women who sought abortions. In the years before Roe v. Wade, the estimates of illegal abortions ranged as high as 1. million per year1, although, of course, no accurate records could be kept of illegal procedures. What is known is that between the 1880s and 17, many thousands of women died or suffered serious medical problems after attempting to self-induce their abortions or going to untrained practitioners who performed abortions with primitive methods or in unsanitary conditions. During this time, hospital emergency room staff treated thousands of women who either died or were suffering terrible effects of abortions provided without adequate skill and care.

It should be noted that during this time some women obtained relatively safer, although still illegal, abortions from private doctors.

This practice remained prevalent for the first half of the twentieth century. Later, the rate of reported abortions began to decline, partly because doctors faced increased scrutiny from their peers and hospital administrators concerned about the legality of their operations.

Today, pro-choice advocates who fight for continued access to safe, legal abortion for all women often are motivated by their understanding of the consequences of criminalized abortion. We know from history that whenever abortion has been illegal, women have still attempted and succeeded in ending unwanted pregnancies. Unfortunately, they have often suffered serious health problems or died in the process. While the 17 Roe v. Wade decision was an important turning point in protecting women from unsafe abortion, an understanding of the pre-Roe v. Wade years is critical for making intelligent public policy decisions regarding reproductive health care in the future.

Timeline of Reproductive Rights Up to Roe v. Wade

181 Connecticut passes the first law in the United States barring abortions after quickening.

1860 Twenty states have laws limiting abortion.

165 Griswold v. Connecticut Supreme Court decision strikes down a state law that prohibited giving married people information, instruction, or medical advice on contraception.

168 Colorado, North Carolina, and California liberalize their abortion laws.

170 Alaska, Hawaii, New York, and Washington make abortion available at the request of a woman and her doctor.

17 Eisenstadt v. Baird Supreme Court decision establishes the right of unmarried people to use contraceptives.

17 Roe v. Wade Supreme Court decision strikes down state laws that made abortion illegal.

Compiled from

Anderson, D.E. Newsroom Guide to Abortion and Family Planning, Second Edition. Washington, DC The Communications Consortium Media Center, 16.

Reproductive Freedom in the Courts Significant U.S. Supreme Court Decisions on Privacy and Reproductive Rights. New York The Center for Reproductive Law and Policy, 15.

A doctor describes her experience at a county hospital before Roe v. Wade

[Hospitals] had to have beds all up and down the hallways. They were always full [because of illegal abortions]. They must have had one hundred and forty beds in those wards...in [a twenty four hour] period, youd get ten to twelve admissions. They walked into the emergency room bleeding. The first thing the doctor down there did was send them for an X-ray to see what was in their belly-to see if there were knitting needles, hooks, catheters up their belly.

A doctor describes a twenty-two year old patient whom he treated for septic shock following an illegal abortion in the 150s

[T]he infection is so overwhelming, the bacteria produce toxins that lead to a collapse of the cardiovascular system...One of the tragedies of this septic shock is that people remain lucid until the end, and she was holding my hand, and saying, Doctor, help me, Im dying. And I knew she was, and I knew there was not a blessed other thing we could do for her...I have been haunted by that girl ever since.

For More Information

For information or referrals to qualified abortion providers, call the National Abortion Federations toll-free hotline 1-800-77-100. Monday-Friday 8am-10pm, Saturday-Sunday am-5pm (EST).

For Further Reading Garrow, D.J. Liberty and Sexuality The Right to Privacy and the Making of Roe v. Wade. New York Macmillan Publishing Company, 14.

Joffe, C. Doctors of Conscience The Struggle to Provide Abortion Before and After Roe v. Wade. Boston, MA Beacon Press, 15.

Reagan, L.J. When Abortion Was a Crime Women, Medicine, and Law in the United States, 1867-17. Berkeley, CA University of California Press, 17.

Sollinger, R. (Ed.). Abortion Wars A Half Century of Struggle, 150-000. Berkeley, CA University of California Press, 17.

Weddington, S. A Question of Choice. New York G.P. Putnams Sons, 1.

National Abortion Federation

1755 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Suite 600

Washington, DC 006

(0) 667-5881

Writer Susan Dudley, PhD

Copyright 16, National Abortion Federation

1 C. Tietze and S.K. Henshaw. Induced Abortion A World Review, 186. New York The Alan Guttmacher Institute, 186.

Joffe, C. Doctors of Conscience The Struggle to Provide Abortion Before and After Roe v. Wade. Boston, MA Beacon Press, 15.

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Social Differentiation

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INSOCIO

SOCIAL DIFFERENTIATION PROBLEMS OF INEQUALITY

Social Stratification- the division of society in such a way that some people get more

rewards than others.

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Bases of Stratification

1. Wealth

major classes

1. Capitalists- are those who own the means of production and hire others

. Workers- neither owns the means of production nor employs others;

hence they are forced to work for capitalists.

1 minor class

1. Small capitalists- owns the means of production but do most of the

work together.

. Power- the ability to control the behaviour of others, even against their will.

- Associated with wealth

- Most sociologists agree that people with more wealth tend to have more

power.

Marxist Theorists- group consists of capitalists

- Capitalists set the limits of political debate of the governments

actions, protecting their own interests

Elite Theorists- a lot of power resides in what C. Wright Mills called the Power

Elite

Power Elite- a small group of individuals who hold top positions in the

federal government, military and corporations and who have

similar backgrounds, values and interests

Plurarist Theorists- argue that power is not tightly concentrated, but widely

Dispersed

. Prestige- also called the Status System

Status System- a system in which people are stratified according

to their social prestige

- Prestige differs from wealth and power. Wealth and power are objective entities, but prestige is subjective.

Status Inconsistency- the condition in which the same individual is given

conflicting status rankings, such as being high in occupation

but low in ethnicity or gender.

STARTIFICATION SYSTEMS A GLOBAL VIEW

1. Egalitarian System- believing in human ethnicity

= Hunting-gathering societies are the most egalitarian

Tend to be egalitarian primarily because there is hardly any opportunity in

their small-scale environment for anyone to accumulate wealth

. Master-slave System- some people are held in servitude as someone else's

Property

= The emergence of slavery has partly been attributed to the great accumulation

of wealth in those ancient societies that could produce huge food surpluses with

improved technology

= Some modern slavery is similar to the ancient form of human bondage called

CHATTEL SLAVERY

= Most slaves today fall victim to debt bondage

Debt Bondage- forces whole families to work in fruitless efforts to pay off

Loans

. Feudal System- less extreme in practicing inequality

groups of stratified societies

1. Serfs or peasants- those who worked the land

. lords or landlords- those who appropriated some of the produce and labor

of the other

= The feudal system today persists only in a few places in Latin America

4. Caste system- feudal and master-slave are similar to caste system, a relatively

rigid stratification system in which people's positions are ascribed

and fixed.

ORDER OF CASTE SYSTEM

1. Brahmins (priests and scholars)

. Warriors

. Merchants

4. Artisans and menial workers

5. Untouchables

= Untouchables are in effect outcasts and could almost never become members of a higher caste

= Members of higher caste fear that they would suffer ritual pollution if they touched an outcast or passed through the shadow of an outcast.

5. Class System- less rigidly segregated than the caste system

- A relatively open stratification system in which people's positions is achieved and changeable

- Primary form of stratification in virtually all societies around the globe

Kuznets Curve- the changing relationship between development and inequality

- named after Simon Kuznets

NEW APPROACHES TO STRATIFICATION

1. Feminist Perspective

= The traditional study of stratification focuses on men only. Their income, occupation, and education are often used to determine not only their own social class but also that of women who are their daughters or wives.

= Thus, to feminist, gender inequality should be considered a key part of a society's social stratification. A person's gender should be used, along with the traditional indicators of social class, to determine the individual's class.

. Social Diversity

types of ascribed stratification

1. Age- the same individuals experience within their life span both advantages at a younger age and disadvantages at an advanced age.

. Gender- discrimination against women creates a loss for all female individuals but no net loss for families with an equal number of females and males.

. Ethnic- discrimination hurts all minority individuals and families

IDENTIFYING CLASSES

Social class- category of people who have about the same amount of income, power and prestige.

different methods for identifying a person's class

1. Reputational Method- identifying social classes by selecting a group of people and asking them to rank others.

= The Reputational method is useful for investigating the class structure of a small community where everybody knows practically everybody else.

Disadvantages

1. Cannot be applied to large cities because it is impossible to find individuals who know thousands of other people.

. It is impossible to generalize the findings from one community to another because the informants can judge only their own community.

. It is impossible to finds unanimity among the reputation judges in a community.

. Subjective Method- identifying social classes by asking people to rank themselves

. Objective Method- involves identifying social classes using income, occupation, and education to rank people

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Isalam

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what is lislam,whta are the different religion . every wants to know that.In his first chapter, Economy, Thoreau introduces his purpose in writing the book, saying he intends to answer questions people have asked about his reasons for living alone in a cabin in the woods near Walden Pond for two years. He explains that most people live their lives as if sleeping, blindly following the ways of their parents, and become trapped into these lives by owning property and slaving in jobs to maintain their way of life. In contrast, he sought to discover the true necessities of life and built a cabin, for the cost of $8. 1 _ near Walden Pond, where he lived for two years, beginning in the summer of 1845. Making a profit of $8.71 _ by selling the beans he grew and working occasionally at odd jobs, he found he was able to support himself with very little work and much time for contemplation of himself and nature.

Thoreau, in the second chapter, Where I Lived, and What I Lived For, talks about how he once considered buying the Hollowell farm for himself but the purchase fell through. Instead, he created a new existence for himself at Walden, where he found joy and fulfillment in nature, truly awakening in his mornings there, while most of society remains perpetually asleep, living mean lives when the possibility of a much better life is possible. The key to achieving such a life, he says, is simplicity. In the third chapter, Reading, Thoreau describes how he derives enlightenment from reading Homer and other great writers, men who spoke of the truth and speak of life in terms too noble for most to understand. Most of society, however, is not content to strive after such truths and instead wastes their time reading popular fiction and newspapers, when they should instead be dedicated to improving the intellectual culture, making the village of Concord become a university.

However, as Thoreau relates in the fourth chapter, Sounds, he spent his time during his first summer at Walden hoeing beans, rather than reading, or sitting all morning watching and listening to the birds. That reverie is broken by the whistle and rumble of the passing train, which reminds Thoreau of the destruction of nature and country life by progress and industrialization. In the evening, the hoots of the owls make him melancholy, reminding him of human cries of sorrow. In the fifth chapter, Solitude, Thoreau feels so much a part of nature that he scoffs at the suggestion of one of his townsmen that he might be lonely at Walden. Instead, he relates his distaste at village life, where people see too much of each other, so that human interaction becomes trivial. In the sixth chapter, Visitors, Thoreau is pleased that those who would bother him with trivial matters dont visit him at Walden. Instead, his visitors are Canadian woodcutter, whose straightforward thinking and love of life please Thoreau. Other visitors include half-wits from the almshouse, who Thoreau thinks are more intellectual than most overseers, and men of business, who no longer really enjoy nature. The happiest people to visit the pond are children and young women.

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Simon Birch: A film about a boy who was not an Outsider

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Simon Birch Journal Entry

By Alyssa Schankman

Simon Birch is a film about outsiders, friendship, and love and sacrifice revolving around the life of a diminutive twelve-year-old boy named Simon. It captures the answers to the questions studied in the course of English thus far during the short story "The Lady or the Tiger" and the novels A Separate Peace and Lord of the Flies. In the film, Simon acted as an outsider, a friend, and a sacrifice. As all those things, Simon became a hero.

I believe Simon was the key to learning the answer to the first question, "Who Are the Outsiders?" If Simon were in Lord of the Flies, he would have been like Ralph and Piggy, but he would have taught them that being an outsider could make someone a hero. Simon had power when he was an outsider, but Ralph and Piggy didn't. That's because Simon had faith. He believed in others and in himself. Simon knew he wasn't meant to just be an ill-treated outsider all his life. So the answer to this essential question would be Simon is an outsider, but he finds good out of the situation.

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In Simon Birch, there were two other outsiders as well. In the beginning of the film, Ben was an outsider. Joe and Simon didn't want to accept him into their lives in the beginning, but later on they had to turn to him for help and he no longer was an outsider. That was the same case with Samneric in Lord of the Flies. Jack didn't want to accept them into his group in the beginning because they hung around with other outsiders, but in the end Samneric were with Jack. All the way throughout the novel, Joe also was a type of outsider. Simon caused Joe to be an outsider, because Joe hung around with Simon and was friends with him, so everyone else saw Joe as an outsider. In the novel Joe could be related to Ralph, who became an outsider during the novel because he was Piggy's friend.

In the film, Simon also gave us the answer to the question "What are the Obligations of Friendship". In the novel A Separate Peace, Gene ended up failing all of the obligations of friendship, so he wasn't a good friend to anybody. Simon, however, knew that the obligations of friendship were love, care, loyalty, honesty, trust, and faith, and he lived up to them to be a good friend to Joe, Mrs. Wentworth, Ben, and even Reverend Russell. Simon fulfilled these obligations with these people in many ways. First of all, Simon showed love and care to Mrs. Wentworth. He always said hi to her and talked to her and was really nice to her whenever he saw her, so in return she became a friend to him and showed him love also by going to his baseball games and making him a sweater. Also, Simon showed faith, honesty, and trust to Reverend Russell. Although the Reverend didn't accept what Simon showed him, or believe in it, Simon was still a good friend to him. Simon taught Reverend Russell about God's plan, and he gave the Reverend faith that God had a plan for everyone. In the end of the film, Simon and the Reverend trusted each other. That was because Simon was honest with the Reverend in everything he told him. That was an obligation of friendship that Simon showed the Reverend existed between people. Simon gave the obligations of friendship to the Reverend to give to his son, Joe.

Simon also was a good friend to Ben and Joe. When Joe made it clear that he didn't want anything from Ben, and he didn't want Ben in his life, Simon cared about Ben and tried to be nice and grateful that he could befriend such a nice person. In A Separate Peace, that's how Gene should have been towards Leper, but instead Gene shunned Leper away like Joe did to Ben. The ultimate friendship in the film, between Joe and Simon, was achieved. Simon showed Joe every single obligation. Simon taught Joe faith, to believe in himself and God's plan, he showed love and care to Joe when Joe's mom died, Simon was honest with Joe, admitting that he swung the bat that led Joe's mother to death, Simon trusted in and believed in Joe, and Simon was loyal to Joe and stood up for him and stood by him. This was a lot like Finny with Finny and Gene's friendship. Although Gene failed as a friend, Finny was a lot like Simon in the friendship. Finny tried to give Gene faith, Finny had faith in Gene as a person, Finny cared for Gene, and Gene wasn't honest with Finny, but Finny was very honest with Gene. Finny was loyal to Gene and trusted Gene, who later failed him in the end of the novel.

Simon Birch also portrays the answer to the question "Is Sacrifice Necessary for Love to Exist?" In the end of the novel, Simon is a sacrifice. Simon sacrifices himself because he loves and cares about all the children that were on the bus. Also, the sacrifice Simon made was necessary for the true love between him and Joe to exist, because Simon believes that was God's plan for him. In "The Lady or the Tiger," the lady had a choice to either sacrifice her lover to a tiger or another lady. Simon didn't have a choice about his sacrifice; he had to sacrifice his life because he loved everybody.

All three of these questions can relate to each other and it is seen in the film how they do. Simon uses the obligations of friendship to become a hero even though he is considered an outsider. By the time Simon sacrifices his life to save the children, he is no longer an outsider, because everyone truly loves him.

Please note that this sample paper on Simon Birch: A film about a boy who was not an Outsider is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Simon Birch: A film about a boy who was not an Outsider, we are here to assist you. Your essay on Simon Birch: A film about a boy who was not an Outsider will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Charismatic Leadership

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RUNNING HEAD CHARISMATIC LEADERSHIP

Charismatic Leadership

Connie King

Leadership 7001 Foundations of Leadership

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Assignment 1

NOVA Southeastern University

November 18, 00

Abstract

Many leaders, past and present, have been identified as charismatic leaders. The author explains the history of charismatic leadership and its characteristics. Different charismatic leaders and their leadership characteristics are discussed. An explanation of the characteristics and behaviors of followers of charismatic leaders is discussed. Cultural and situational charismatic leaders are explained and why certain individuals originate as leaders. A comparison and relationship between transformational, transactional, and charismatic leadership styles is discussed.

Charismatic Leadership

Society is made up of many different types of leaders. One of these types is charismatic leadership. Charismatic leadership was introduced around the turn of the century and has been researched and studied ever since. The leaders that are defined as charismatic leaders display characteristics that followers relate to. Charismatic leaders' posses' characteristics that enable them to win follower's respect and support for his or her beliefs or visions. Leaders from all walks of life both good and bad have been identified as charismatic leaders because of their ability to persuade others that their beliefs were right. The history, characteristics, charismatic leaders, and charisma related to other leadership styles will be discussed in this paper. Charismatic leadership can be a forceful leadership style that can be used to improve societies and organizations or it can also be used for detrimental purposes.

The German sociologist Max Weber is the person responsible for introducing the idea of charisma as being a type of leadership. Weber believed that leaders who possessed charismatic leadership qualities were highly esteemed persons. Due to his research on leadership, sociologist began to study the concept of charisma in both social and political walks of life in the early twentieth century.

Talcott Parsons is widely credited with importing Weber to the United States; Parson's introduced his work The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism in 17 which dominated American sociology for decades. Parson's view of Weber's ideas was challenged over the decades by famous sociologist such as Pope, Cohen and Hazelrigg. They believed that Parson's views of Weber's ideas were distorted by misinterpreting the German's original ideas.

Lowell Bennion was the first person responsible for making available Weber's original ideas in the United States. He translated Weber's ideas and writings from German to English in a dissertation, Max Webster's Methodology, where only a hundred copies were published in 1. Bennion's dissertation was written 1 years after Weber's death and was influenced by scholars who were Weber's contemporaries. (DiPadova, 16)

According to DiPadova, Weber introduced the concept of charisma when viewing authority in regards to religion. In this he describes three types of power

1) charismatic authority ("the external or internal rule over man made possible by the faith of the ruled in this supernatural power of the leader")

) traditional authority ("the traditionalistic rule of man is based on the faith in that which has always been"); and

) rational-legal authority (based on impersonal rules and norms. Its typical representative is the bureaucratic rule made possible by the victory of the formal juridic rationalism of the Occident") From these three types of power sociologist began to research Weber's authoritative leadership ideas. Charismatic leadership was not researched strongly until the 170's where sociologists began to survey and experiment with charismatic leadership ideas. (DiPadova, 16)

Since Weber introduced the idea of charismatic leadership into society, many charismatic leaders have been identified. Leaders that are considered charismatic leaders tend to have similar basic characteristics. These characteristics are

1) Self-confidence and self assurance

) Need for power and low authoritarianism

) Expert power

4) Referent power

5) Communications and rhetorical skills

6) Assertive, dynamic, outgoing, and forceful

Leaders such as John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King, Charles Manson, and Adolph Hitler were considered charismatic leaders. All four leaders possessed self-confidence and self assurance along with other charismatic characteristics. They believed in their "vision" whether good or bad. As leaders they were able to persuade others to follow and fight for the vision they essentially believed in. Many followers believed so whole-heartily in the vision that they committed murder and even suicide.

People that follow the charismatic leader possess many of the same characteristics as their leaders. Characteristics of followers

1) Identify with the leader and the leader's beliefs

) Heightened emotional levels

) Willing subordination to the leader

4) Feelings of empowerment

Followers of charismatic leaders often follow there leaders blindly because the leader is so confident in his beliefs that whatever the leader says or does is accepted by all without comment or thought. Leaders of religious cults and sects often attract followers that are lonely and insecure; these followers are looking for someone that will take control of their "pathetic" lives and many are looking for a place to belong.

Some sociologist believes that a person becomes a charismatic leader if the situation arises. These situational charismatic leaders form characteristics similar to the following

1) Crises

) Task interdependence

) Innovation

4) More receptive to change

5) Organizational downsizing

Lee Iacocca became a charismatic leader because of the situation at hand. He was able to pull the Chrysler Corporation back into being because of his charismatic leadership abilities. Cultural charismatic leaders often arise when cultures and their cultural values are threatened. These situational leaders promote unlearning and the search for new actions. Many arise when traditional authority cannot meet an organization's need for leadership. Charismatic leaders often appear because the culture is expecting or prophesizing the leader's arrival. When this happens certain characteristics contribute to charismatic leadership. These characteristics are

1.) Social crises

.) Carries or spreads a "message"

.) Stimulates guilt or shame

4.) Supernatural stature is assimilated

Charismatic leaders that evolve because of cultural unrest tend to be religious leaders that followers think of as "prophets" or "saints", these leaders become the route to salvation.

Charismatic leadership can have both a negative and a positive impact on society and organizations. In the United States alone charismatic leaders such as John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King used there leadership abilities to make society a better place for all individuals and races to live and work. While on the other hand Charles Manson used his charismatic leadership abilities to persuade his followers to commit horrendous murders on random individuals. Hitler convinced millions that his beliefs were the only true beliefs; in turn his followers committed murders because they believed in Hitler's vision. Few studies have been made on the impact of charismatic leadership on society and organizations. Charismatic leaders that impact society can be distinguished as ethical or unethical charismatic. The ethical charismatic wants what is good for society or the organization and its members, while the unethical charismatic is motivated by personal power and achievement and pursues anything which makes him or her look better and stronger.

Transformational leadership is the leadership defined by a work-based exchange relationship. In this relationship the leader promotes alignment by providing fair extrinsic rewards and appealing to the intrinsic motivation of the collaborators. Transactional leadership is the leadership defined by an economically-based exchange relationship. In this relationship the leader promotes uniformity by providing extrinsic (positive or negative) rewards to the collaborators. Transformational leadership is the opposite of transactional leadership. Transformational leaders tend to be concerned with values, ethics, standards, and long-term goals, while transactional leaders focus on exchanges between leader and follower. Many politicians are elected to office because they are transactional leaders; they promise the voters to change laws and policies in exchange for their vote. A person can be both transformational and transactional depending upon the situation. Evangelists for instance are transformational leaders when they are trying to convert followers to their religion and at the same instance they are transactional leaders when they entice their followers to contribute money in exchange for a new worship area or prayer book. Transactional leadership tends to be transitory; the leader is effective as long as the relationship between leader and follower is mutually beneficial. Transformational leadership tends to have a strong bond or hold on its followers, there is no need to "dangle" promises and gifts. Transformational leaders have followers because the followers believe in the same vision as the leader. The transformational leader places the follower on a pedestal almost as high as the one he or she is preaching from. The leader makes the follower feel important and that the follower is making a great contribution to the vision.

In transformational leadership, charisma plays a major role. Charisma is defined as a special personality trait that gives an individual superhuman or exceptional power. Leaders that possess charisma appear to be competent and have high expectations for themselves and their followers. They also articulate ideological goals to their followers. These characteristics that define a charismatic individual is the same characteristics or traits that a transformational leader possess. Some sociologist interchanges transformational leadership with charismatic leadership because the two are closely related. Charismatic and transformational leadership provide the followers with a vision and a sense of mission, they instill pride among their followers. Charismatic leadership, intellectual stimulation, and inspirational leadership are components of transformational leadership.

Charismatic leadership throughout this century has development into a strong, forceful leadership style. The charismatic leader must possess characteristics that make him or her almost superhuman and mystical. Leaders and followers must share the same visions and goals for the charismatic leader to survive. Charismatic leadership qualities are mutually shared by other leadership styles such as transformational and transactional leadership. Charisma is a trait that a successful leader should have to become an effective leader. As spoken by Bass in 185 he states that, "Charisma is in the eye of the beholder and, therefore, is relative to the beholder. Nevertheless, the charismatic leader actively shapes and enlarges his or her audience through energy, self-confidence, assertiveness, ambition, and opportunities seized."

References

Avolio, B. J. & Gibbons, T. C., Developing transformational leaders A life span

approach, In Conger, J. and Kanungo, R. (Eds.), Charismatic leadership The elusive factor in organizational effectiveness. pp. 76-08. San Francisco Jossey-Bass.

Bass, Bernard M., Bass & Stogdill's Handbook of Leadership, Theory, Research, and

Managerial Applications. rd edition, 10 New York The Free Press

Bass, B.M. (185). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York Free

Press

Cardona, P. Transcendental leadership, Journal of Workplace Learning Employee

Counseling Today from http//www.managementfirst.com/practical_management/leadership_styles.htm

Charismatic leadership, manipulation and the complexity of organizational life. Journal

of Workplace Learning Employee Counseling Today, 1 (000) from http//www.managementfirst.com/practical_management/art_char.htm

DiPadova, L. N. (16) Towards a Weberian management theory lessons from Lowell

Bennios's neglected masterwork. Journal of Management of History, , pp. 5-74

Gibson, J.W., Hannon, J.C., & Blackwell, C.W. (188). Charismatic leadership the

hidden controversy. The Journal of Leadership Studies, 5(4)

Humphreys, John J., (00) Transformational leader behavior, proximity, and successful

services marketing. Journal of Services Marketing, 16 (6), pp. 487-50

Popper, M. & Zakkai, E. (16) Transactional, charismatic and transformational

leadership Conditions conducive to their predominance. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 15, pp. -7

References

Avolio, B. J. & Gibbons, T. C., Developing transformational leaders A life span

approach, In Conger, J. and Kanungo, R. (Eds.), Charismatic leadership The elusive factor in organizational effectiveness. pp. 76-08. San Francisco Jossey-Bass.

Bass, Bernard M., Bass & Stogdill's Handbook of Leadership, Theory, Research, and

Managerial Applications. rd edition, 10 New York The Free Press

Bass, B.M. (185). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York Free

Press

Cardona, P. Transcendental leadership, Journal of Workplace Learning Employee

Counseling Today from http//www.managementfirst.com/practical_management/leadership_styles.htm

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What about me?

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A Midsummernights Dream

By bob hope

In act two of this play, the reader learns of a quarrel between the king of the fairies, Oberon, and his queen, Titania. We later see the development of this quarrel into a dispute which the king is intent on resolving along with that of two passing mortals whose conversation we happen to overhear. Through the scene, we see Oberon's character develop into a fairly well -rounded personality, and we see the set up for the main plot of the entire play. Oberon wishes to drop love blossom juice into Titania's eyes so that he can gain back his wife's affections. In the beginning of this act, we see that Oberon is jealous that Titania's attention and time has been spent with her new page. By putting the Queen under the spell of this flower, causing her to look the fool, and then relinquishing her from this spell, the king is certain she will concede and "make her render up her page to [him]. (.1.185)" With the beginning of this act, we see Oberon as a jealous creature who feels that because he has control over nature, he should also have control over his wife. Early in the act, at the first entrance of Oberon and Titania, we first see this bitterness emerge. "What jealous Oberon, skip hence. I have foresworn his bed and company. (.1.6)" Says Titania when she first sees Oberon, basically telling him to get out of here. To which Oberon replies "Tarry, rash wanton; am I not thy lord? (1..6)" Oberon's response here shows his dominant attitude towards Titania, and her initial statement shows she is mad at him, and has no intention of submission to his will. They go on like this for quite awhile, with Titania accusing Her mate of adultery, and Oberon saying the same of her. They continue to argue for many lines until Oberon finally commands her to leave and asks Puck to enter (.1.146 154). The dialogue at the beginning shows us the start of this clever subplot and also sets up the comedy that ensues later in the play. Also, it appears Oberon shows a tender side as he takes pity on Helena, perhaps understanding her situation with Demetrius. Helena is in love with this man, who does not return the favor, and given Oberon's recent trouble gaining Titania's affections, he seems to want to help. He instructs Puck that after he puts the nectar in Titania's eyes, he should seek out Dimetrius and "Anoint his eyes / But do it when the next thing he espies / May be the lady. (.1.61 )" This gesture by Oberon seems to show that he is taking pity on the poor mortal, perhaps to make himself feel better about his current situation with his own Love. This first scene of act two beautifully sets up the plot for the rest of the play. We see the gods begin to interact with the mortals, and see that they are prone to human problems which makes their mistakes later in the play more believable, as gods are usually believed to be infallible. Through the entire scene, Oberon's character develops from a heartless ruler, to a kinder man intent on fixing not just his own problems, but those of the mortals who are oblivious to his presence.

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Iwo jima

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World War II was a time of uncertainty and heartache all over the world. Millions of young men were being sent off to battle and would not return. It was a time of mass bloodshed and confusion. During war between the United States and the Empire of Japan, on a tiny volcanic island in the South Pacific lied the spot of one of the most important US battles against Japan. The Battle of Iwo Jima – a fierce battle during Pacific conflicts of World War II- did not merely serve as a landing zone for Bomber planes under distress located 750 miles from Tokyo, the conquering of the highly fortified Island gave US Marines and Americans alike a strong sense of American Pride.

Under direct orders from President Roosevelt, Admiral Chester William Nimitz , On Christmas 1941, was ordered to take command as Commander in Chief, Pacific fleet or (CinCPac). The New CinCPac directed operations in Hawaii not far from Pearl Harbor, from atop the extinct volcano known as Makalapa. Under the tightest military security was a four-story concrete building where military leaders would continue to meet to plan the pacific division of the war. Nimitz assignment personally given in the Oval office by President Roosevelt was to defend Hawaii and fight, for months and possibly years, with what remained of decimated United States military power in the pacific. (Ross, 2-9)

Commander of the Japanese was brilliant Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto. Yamamoto was the mastermind behind Pearl Harbor. Aware of the industrial superiority of the United States in a prolonged war he said, "Unless the American fleet is put out of action by 1942, the balance of power will shift to the United States and that will be the end." At the time the US was outgunned and outnumbered so Japanese action had to be taken at once. Guam, Wake Island, and the Philippines were quickly overrun. Soon after, the Aleutians were invaded, and Alaska threatened. But, just as expected by Yamamoto power soon shifted. (Ross, 7-13)

In the morning haze of June 3, 1942 Admiral Nimitz had set an ambush for the Japanese, at Midway. For Japan, controlling Midway meant tight control between United States and Hawaii, and the South Pacific and Australia. It would be a fine rendezvous point for carrier based attacks against the West Coast. For the next forty-three hours, the outcome of the war in the Pacific was left in shaky balance. On the morning of June 4 as the morning skies came ablaze with brilliant sunlight, the battle erupted in a furious confusion. It was a standoff until early afternoon when Nimitz sent the Hornet, with its fighters, dive-bombers, and torpedo planes swarming into the action. Spectacular dogfights cluttered the skies, and in the end heavy black smoke rose thousands of feet into the sky signaling the Japanese had failed to conquer the island of Midway. (Ross, 19)

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Now the United States swung its own attack. Each military campaign from there on became bigger, more costly, more complicated, and always crucial to the long journey to Japan. Marines invaded and suffered heavy casualties in key strongholds: Guadalcanal, Guam, Saipan, Bourgainville, Tarawa, and Peleliu. During this time, around October 1944, allied forces were on the offensive on all fronts of the global war. The next step in Army Commander MacArthur's plan was the recapture of the entire Philippines and the seizure of Okinawa and Formosa, and land a million man force on the Chinese Mainland. From there could be mounted the final invasion and conquest of Japan. (Ross, 23-26)

Pulverizing the heartland of Japan through brutal air attacks had given the United States an advantage. The bomb run to Japan had always been dangerous at best. The main reason for this was the Island of Iwo Jima. With this tiny island 800 miles from Japan in their hands, using their primitive radar, Japanese interceptors were able to lift off, gain altitude, and ambush Japan-bound formations in devastating numbers. Rather than MacArthurs' plan to take South Chinese mainland, on September 7, 1944 the Admiral Nimitz assembled his admirals and generals to make plans for the invasion of Iwo Jima.

(Ross, 245)

Iwo Jima, a few miles of rock in the South

Pacific, was the location of one of the most

important battles for the US during WWII.

Iwo Jima is located in the South Pacific just 750 miles from Tokyo. The Island itself is only 8.5 square miles and is focused around Mt. Suribachi, a dormant 545-foot volcano, on the south side of the island. (Scribner,450) Iwo Jima means sulfur island, and is a volcanic island that was used to mine sulfur and refine sugar. The small island was covered in dense forest making great natural bunkers and trenches. (Perret, 399) The US occupied Iwo Jima until 1968, when it was returned to Japan.

Iwo Jima, one of the most important battles of World War II, took place on a tiny volcanic island in the South Pacific. But what was the Purpose of conquering this tiny island? American B-29 bombers were flying missions over Japan at the time but were suffering heavy losses on the long-range missions. Iwo Jima, well within striking distance of Tokyo, was seen as an ideal staging area for expanded bombing runs with fighter cover and a key location for damaged bombers to land in emergency situations. (Brown)The bombers were able to travel greater distances than smaller fighter planes, but without a nearby airfield they were forced to fly without proper fighter escort. It already had an airstrip for emergency landings, so it would be ideal for distressed American bombers. A geographically ideal spot, Iwo Jima was the most important island in the "Stepping Stone" operation of the United States.

Using new tactics and technology, the Japanese were able to slow down the inevitable conquering of their tiny tropical stronghold. Led by General Kurbayachi the Japanese constructed a massive fortress of defense of the island centered on Mt. Suribachi and overshadowed the southern landing beach. Instead of normal Japanese tactics of a beach defensive position at the waters edge, Kuribachi decided instead to defend from an elaborate system of tunnels, caves, and trenches dug into and throughout the island itself. (Frank, Oxford) Its defenses--the most elaborate, dense, and best integrated in the Pacific--included three airfields; over 730 major installations with 120 guns larger than 75mm; 220 large mortars, howitzers, and rocket launchers; and ten miles of underground tunnels linking hundreds of bunkers and blockhouses. (Iwo Jima) The island was guarded by more than 21,000 men armed with more than 1,000 heavy guns defended the small fierce island of Iwo Jima. (Wheal) Mt. Suribachi dominates both possible landing beaches. Mentally prepared, The Japanese focused their tactics around knowing they would all be killed. The goal was for each soldier was to kill 10 Americans before they were killed. General Kurbayachi showed this in a letter to his wife: "The enemy may land on this island soon. Once they do, we must follow the fate of those on Attu and Saipan. Our officers and men know about "Death" very well. I am sorry to end my life here, fighting the United States of America, but I want to defend this island as long as possible and to delay the enemy air raids on Tokyo." (Voda) Japanese gunners zeroed in on every inch of the landing beach. Blockhouses and pillboxes flanked the landing areas. Within, more heavy weapons stood ready to blast the attacking Marines. Machine guns criss-crossed the beaches with deadly interlocking fire. Rockets, anti-boat and anti-tank guns were also trained on the beaches. There were no front lines. It is possible that no other given area in the history of modern war has been so skillfully fortified by nature and by man.

Conquering this Island demanded a strategic military plan carried out using brute force. The United States used an "Island Hopping" strategy in the central Pacific kept the Japanese off balance and effectively isolated island defenders during the American advance toward Japan. (Alison) The tactics of the U.S. Marine Corps in the island-hopping drive across the central Pacific were controversial even during World War II. Critics, including elements of the

U.S. Army, argued that the Marines knew

only one way to fight--direct assault, cost what it might. (Ross/Random) To reduce US casualties from ground fighting, Iwo Jima received heavy US bombing from mid December all the way up until early February. Assigned to capture the Island was Marine Major General Harry Schidt leading his fifth Corps, that consisted of the third, fourth, and fifth divisions. On February 19, 1945 4th and 5th divisions of 5th Amphibious Marine Corps, With 3rd Marine division in rescue landed of the Island after 72 days of Air Bombardment. Admiral Nimitz describing US bombing of the Island said, "No other island during WWII received as much preliminary pounding as did Iwo." The US sent 110,000 marines to the island in 880 ships. (Frank/ Oxford)

The battle of Iwo Jima was one of the most bloody and widely known Battles of World War II. Shortly before 2am on Feb. 19, 1945, the Navy began firing on the Island Of Iwo Jima. Next 110 bombers bombed the tiny island until it looked like it had been torched. At 8:30 am 1954 the first wave of Marines were ordered to storm the beaches. Because the island was volcanic, the volcanic ash of the beaches made it impossible to dig foxholes. The Marines were sitting ducks for the heavy machine gunners and the trench hitting riflemen. The Marines were above ground and the Japanese were below them underground. The Marines rarely saw an alive Japanese soldier. The Japanese could see the Marines perfectly. Every Marine, everywhere on the island was always in range of Japanese guns. (Ross/ Legacy) The Battle was known as one of the most famous engagements in the "stepping stone" operation leading to the end of the pacific campaign of WWII. Historians described U.S. forces' attack against the Japanese defense as "throwing human flesh against reinforced concrete." After bitter fighting the US forces took Mt. Suribachi on February 23 1945, spot of the famous flag raising. The Japanese fought with astonishing bravery and made their last stand, up to the very last Japanese soldier in a rocky canyon now known as the "Bloody Gorge". (Perret, 399)

The most famous photo of WWII is unquestionably the flag raising of February 23, 1945. This photo, although staged of the previous flag raising that occurred earlier that day was atop Mt. Suribachi in which the fought inch by inch up the mountain. The photo was taken by Joe Rosenthal who one a Pulitzer prize for the photo. The survivors: Bradley, Hayes and Gagnon became national heroes within weeks. This photo means so much to us symbolically. IT shows the American rising up during a time of challenge and overcoming all odds and impossibilities.

The Iwo Jima accomplishment was a vital victory for the US, but very costly in Human Lives. 6,821 US soldiers were killed fighting the battle of Iwo Jima and 17,400 wounded. Easy Company started with 310 men. Some battalions lost a very high amount of soldiers: "We suffered 75% casualties. Only 50 men boarded the ship after the battle. Seven officers went into the battle with me. Only one--me--walked off Iwo." (Showalter) Captain Dave Severance Easy Company Commander. Iwo gave the United States a forward air base at the front door of the Japanese homeland, a bastion that cleared the way and made feasible the dropping of atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki to win the War. (Ross, 357) "The battle of Iwo Island has been won. By their victory, the 3d, 4th and 5th Marine Divisions and other units of the 5th Amphibious Corps have made an accounting to their country which only history will be able to value fully. (Isley) Among the Americans who served on Iwo Island, uncommon valor was a common virtue." -Admiral Chester W. Nimitz. The island itself served as an effective landing zone for distressed bombers saving more than 24,000 B-29 air-shipmen. The battle itself was a very costly for the Japanese as well, with more than 20,000 Japanese were killed and 1,083 captured. A total of one third of all the marines killed during World War II were killed in 36 days on an unknown island in the South Pacific, that is the size of Manhattan.

The inch by inch fighting and conquering of the tiny island gave prestige to the United States Marine Corps and every American troop. The brave troops going against extremely hostile foes gave rise to American spirit and national pride during WWII Iwo Jima was a bastion that cleared the war and made feasible the dropping of atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. United States Marines are now known for their fierce combat tactics, and will to never give up. The sacrifice of 6,821 soldiers helped save the lives of more than 24,000-air crew and created the possibility to drop the atomic bomb. Without these brave soldiers fighting and giving up their lives, the Japanese Empire would not have been defeated as quickly. (Ross, XV) (Frank, Oxford)

The Famous Picture gave raise to the famous statue. The flag-raising photo caused an immediate sensation across the country. Just two days after it was first seen in the US, Senators rose on the floor of the US Senate calling for a national monument modeled on the picture. The California State Legislature petitioned the Federal Government to build a grand monument. Thousands of ordinary American's wrote the President appealing for a monument to immortalize the picture they loved. Felix DeWeldon, an ambitious sculptor, had a clay replica of the picture sculpted within 72 hours of seeing the picture. DeErldon was hired and along with hundreds of other artisans, he worked 8 years to complete the memorial. Each figure is 32 feet high. The flagpole is 60 feet in length. (Ross, 255)It's the world's tallest bronze statue. It's stands 78 feet high. A cloth flag flies from the pole. The statue is located in the Arlington National cemetery. The cost of the statue was $850,000. No public funds were used. Private donations picked up the tab. The inscription at the bottom reads: "Uncommon Valor was a Common Virtue." (Iwo Jima)

It is difficult to understand what good can come from such a large loss of life. We must learn to respect and understand what these young men did for the greater good of our Country. It does not seem right for thousands of men of all different races to be killing one another on an island that looks more like a paradise than a battle field. These thousands of Marines died for their country, for 8.5 square miles. Without a Great War or a great depression, we seem to take for granted our forefather's sacrifice for our freedom. These men have given us so much strength from their bravery. After September 11th a common photo was the firefighters raising the American Flag amongst the rubble, very similar to the Iwo Jima flag raising. Brave acts like the flag raising of Iwo Jima have given us bravery and strength to keep our nation strong and faithful. Sepmer Fidelis.

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