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Lab # 5
Lab Title-Heat of Vaporization of Water Using the Boiling Point Method
Lab Partners- Matt Yates, Melissa Sanford and Elizabeth Natchwey
Lab Text The Elements of Physical Chemistry With Applications in Biology, by Atkins
Write my Essay on HEAT VAPORIZATION OF WATER cheap
rd Edition, Freeman, 00.
Survey of Physical Chemistry Lab Manual
Date Performed 10/11/0
Submission Date 11/8/0
I. Abstract
The vapor pressure of a liquid is the measure of the ability of molecules to escape from the surface of a solid or liquid. The intermolecular forces holding the molecule together are broken when the temperature is raised, due to the kinetic energy of the molecules. As more molecules build up in the space above the solid or liquid, more of them collide with the surface and some may adhere. At a fixed temperature the system will reach a state of dynamic equilibrium. At this point the pressure exerted by the molecules in the space above the solid or liquid, by definition, is the vapor pressure of the solid or liquid. When external pressure is exerted on the liquid, the vapor pressure also increases because the molecules are compressed, which also increases their energy.
II. Introduction
To determine the heat of vaporization we used a common method. Various external applied pressures are applied to the liquid while heating and the point at which the liquid boils is recorded.
The formula for the equilibrium between a pure liquid and its vapor is equation #1
X(l) X(g) (P, T) (eq. 1)
There is a definite relationship that exists between the pressure and the temperature at equilibrium. This relationship is equation #
dPdT = (eq. )
In equation # dP and dT are referring to an infinite number of changes for both pressure and temperature in a system at equilibrium with pure substances and both phases always present. ÄS and ÄV are referring to the entropy change and the volume when a phase transforms into another at both constant pressure and temperature. Since ÄG is 0 for a change in state the ÄS term in the equation can be replaced using and the resulting equation will produce equation #
dPdT = (eq. )
The Claperon equation is an exact expression that can be applied to many different phase equilibria. Equations and are known as the Claperon equation. When a Vaporization occurs there is a change in volume that is standard. ÄVvap (which is also Vg-V1) is about Vg. If Vg is substituted for ÄV equation #4 is the result
dpdT = (eq. 4)
Calculus says that dlnp = and that , after algebra and manipulation equation #4 can be turned magically into equation #5
= - (eq. 5)
If the compressibility factor of the gas is introduced as Z produces equation #6
Z = (eq. 6)
When equation #5 is multiplied by R/R most of the variable can be substituted with Z. When this happens a new convenient form of the Claperon equation is the result equation #7
= - (eq. 7)
Equation #7 can be rearranged to produce equation #8 and then it can be integrated to produce the Clausius Claperon equation, equation #
(eq. 8)
(eq. )
III. Experimental Methods
Equipment Needed (Typical Boiling Point Apparatus)
5 Liter Ballast Bulb Thermometer Adapter
Closed Tube Manometer Reflux Condenser
Double Neck Distillation Flask Bent Glass Tube with Adapter
Thermometers Electric Heating Mantle
Variac Long Pieces of Rubber Tubing
Rubber Pressure Tubing Long Pieces of Heavy Wall
Utility Clamps or Clamp Holders
Iron Ring Boiling Chips
The apparatus should be assembled to resemble Figure #1. Be sure to support all glass ware with clams at critical points. The double neck flask should be about one-third full of distilled de-ionized water. Add one or two boiling chips to the water. Stopcock X and stopcock S are not to be opened at the same time. Heat the water until vapor begins to condense on a drip from the thermometer bulb. Open the stopcock X and watch the manometer until both the mercury levels in the manometer and the thermometer are steady. Record the two readings. Record the ambient air temperature at the manometer every time you record both the boiling point and the vapor pressure. To take another reading close stopcock X and lower the heating mantle. Allow the flask to cool enough to stop the boiling and introduce new air into the system by opening stopcock S. Close stopcock S. Repeat the procedure until you have readings for the following pressures Decending 560, 450, 40, 40, 160, 10, and 0 Torr. Ascending 110, 10, 140, 180, 60, 60, 470, and 580 Torr. Record all data and proceed to calculations.
IV. Results and Observations
Chart #1
P (mmHg) CP (mmHg) T (°C) T (K) Height #1 (cm) Height # (cm) AAT (°C) 1/T lnP
66 6.568 4.7 67.85 71.0 8.0 4.0 0.007184 6.4501
560 557.5808 . 65.45 68.55 11.10 4.0 0.00765 6.607
450 448.056 86 5.15 6.55 17.5 4.0 0.007845 6.10418
40 8.51 7.55 5.7 57.77 .50 4.0 0.008571 5.84616
40 8.51 70.45 4.6 5.0 7.5 4.0 0.001061 5.47610
160 15.088 6.5 5.5 48.50 1.65 4.0 0.008066 5.070844
10 1.484 57.4 0.55 46.75 .40 4.0 0.000561 4.8605
0 8.611 50.4 .55 44.85 5.0 4.0 0.000071 4.4548
110 10.548 5.7 6.85 45.65 4.45 4.0 0.0005507 4.66151
10 11.4816 55.4 8.55 46.10 4.00 4.0 0.0004677 4.7816
140 1.5 58.8 1.5 47.0 .0 4.0 0.000150 4.71
180 17.4 66.5 .5 50.15 .5 4.0 0.0045508 5.18867
60 58.8768 7.5 45.5 5.10 7.00 4.0 0.008456 5.5565
60 58.4448 80.55 5.7 58.0 1.70 4.0 0.008755 5.881775
470 467.66 85. 5.05 6.55 17.5 4.0 0.0078517 6.14840
580 577.444 .6 65.75 68.85 10.70 4.0 0.0074108 6.586
Graph #1
V. Discussion and Conclusion
VI. References
The Elements of Physical Chemistry With Applications in Biology, by Atkins
rd Edition, Freeman, 00.
Survey of Physical Chemistry Lab Manual
VII. Appendices
Definitions from The Elements of Physical Chemistry With Applications in Biology, by Atkins
Vapor Pressure-The pressure of the vapor in equilibrium with its condensed phase is called the vapor pressure of the substance.
Critical Temperature-The temperature at which the surface disappears is the critical temperature.
Critical Pressure-The vapor pressure at the critical temperature is called the critical pressure.
Critical Point-The critical temperature and the critical pressure together determine the critical point.
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