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The attacks on the WTC and the Pentagon, were attacks against the symbols of the economic and military might of the only superpower in the world. The WTC towers had more significance as it represented the globalized economy and business houses from many countries had their offices and people working there. In the resulting crisis, Japan which itself enjoyed the status of an economic superpower and had amicable economic and security relations with United States, could not stay away like in the past notably the Gulf war, when Japan's reaction as well as contributions came in quite late.
As seen in the previous chapter that the menace of terrorism is not a new challenge for Japan. Besides domestic terrorism, Japan has also been the victim of international terrorism, the prominent example of which was the seizure of the Japanese ambassador's residence in Peru in 16. Before the Japanese government's reaction to the September 11 attacks is discussed, it is perhaps instructive to look at Japanese response to international terrorism before this event.
Japan's Response to International Terrorism Pre-September 11
Japanese citizens abroad have been abducted by terrorists several times. In August 1, four Japan International Cooperation Agenda experts engaged in a resource development study in Kyrgyzstan were abducted by armed elements, but were safely released sixty-four days later.
Japanese citizens were caught up in the seizure of the Myanmar Embassy in Bangkok in 15, the hijacking of an Egypt Air airplane en route from Istanbul to Cairo in October, the same year, as well as a bombing incident in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Japanese citizens were also on broad when an Indian Airlines airplane en route from Kathmandu to Delhi in December 1 was hijacked.
Perhaps the most spectacular exposure Japan had to international terrorism was the seizure, on December 18, 16, of the Japanese Ambassador's residence in the Peruvian capital of Lima. It was seized by the Revloutionary Army of Tupac Amaru (MRTA) terrorists. However, later on, Peruvian forces carried out a rescue operation. As a result of this operation, although one hostage and two members of the special forces lost their lives. All the hostages including Japanese citizens were rescued. Motivated by this incident, Japan started reviewing its responses to international terrorism and work to strengthen its crisis management, information gathering and security systems. For Japanese citizens travelling abroad, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued in publication entitled "Travel advice and warning", telling them about the world's danger spots. Japan also started strengthening its information gathering and provision capacities in countries in which Japan had no diplomatic mission following the abduction of the Japanese citizens in Kyrgyzstan. It also established emergency communications equipment in such countries.
Japan utilized international platforms like ASEAN, G8, and other international organizations to firmly combat and condemn all forms of terrorism. The Government has signed all twelve terrorism-related international conventions and is moving quickly with legislation to approve the sole treaty Japan has not ratified, namely, the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism. Japan also hosted the Japan-ASEAN Counter-Terrorism Conference in October 17 and then the Asia-Latin America Counter-Terrorism Conference in December 1.
The September 11 Attacks
The Koizumi government's immediate reaction included political, economic and strategic measures. The government's decisions, role of media, implication on foreign and defense policy, Japan's contribution in the US 'war on terror' and also the Japan's role in the reconstruction of Afghanistan constitute the structure and details of the chapter. The shift in Japan's defense and foreign policy is also analyzed critically.
Japan, after the attacks, made efforts to provide security to its citizens. In order to respond actively to the crisis situation, it along with international community condemned the attacks and extended support to the United States. In particular, Japan has worked to strengthen international solidarity to prevent and eradicate terrorism through diplomatic efforts directed at the countries surrounding Afghanistan, and other Islamic States.
Immediate Response
Within 45 minutes of the attacks a liaison office and Head Quarters was established, within the Prime Minister's office. The next day an emergency meeting was called by the Japanese Prime Minister, Junichiro Koizumi, attended by all the cabinet members. Emergency Head Quarters were also set up with in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Embassy of Japan in the United States, and the Consulate General of Japan in New York. Efforts were made to assess the situation accurately. Foremost concern was the security of Japanese citizens. Parliamentary Secretary for Foreign Affairs, Taimei Yamaguchi along with others were sent to the US as early as international flights recommenced. Their job was to set in place emergency response measures, to make sure the security and safety of Japanese citizens. The whereabouts of the Japanese students studying in various US Universities were confirmed. Other measures included checking of passenger lists of aircraft, verification of safety of Japanese staff at Japanese embassies and the Japanese affiliates' offices in or around the World Trade Center, as well as other Japanese citizens in New York. Japanese tourists visiting New York were checked with the various travel agencies and all the 6 emergency hospitals were visited directly or telephoned to check for the presence of Japanese victims. The help of Japanese newspapers published in New York and Japanese language television was taken to appeal for information from related parties, and more than 1,000 inquires placed with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and consulate General in New York was individually investigated and answered. A telephone counseling hotline was established, doctors and medical officers were also sent for providing medical and psychological care to the relation of the victims or those who went missing. All possible arrangements were made to provide information and assistance to the Japanese citizens.
On September 1 a day after the attacks, Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi addressing a press conference stated that there was a threat of terrorism to the whole world community and not only to a particular nation, such as the US. He also expressed all support for the United States and pledged necessary assistance and co-operation to check the menace of international terrorism. A meeting of the National Security Council was also convened to look into the situation and take necessary steps including the dispatch of a Japanese Disaster Relief Team. In addition, Koizumi came out with a 'seven point plan', just over a week after the attacks. While addressing a press conference, on September 1, he made a statement on Japan's response to the attacks, laying out a basic policy and the steps to be taken.
The basic policy comprised three important points
1. Japan will actively engage itself in the fight against terrorism, which it regards as part of its own security issue.
. Japan strongly supports the United States, its ally, and will act in concert with the United States and other countries around the world.
. Japan will take concrete and effective measures that will clearly demonstrate its firm determination. These measures will be implemented in a swift and comprehensive manner.
The seven point plan of Koizumi was more comprehensive
1. The government of Japan will promptly take measures necessary for dispatching the Self Defense Forces (SDF) for providing support including medical services and also transportation and supply to the US Forces and others taking measures related to the terrorist attacks, which have been recognized as a threat to international peace and security in United Nations Security Council Resolution 168.
. The government of Japan will promptly take measures necessary for further strengthening the protection of facilities and areas of the US forces and important facilities in Japan.
. The government of Japan will swiftly dispatch SDF vessels to gather information.
4. The government of Japan will strengthen international co-operation, including information sharing, in areas such as immigration control.
5. The government of Japan will extend humanitarian, economic, and other necessary assistance to surrounding and affected countries. As a part of this assistance to Pakistan and India, which are cooperating with the United States in this emergency situation.
6. The government of Japan will provide assistance to the displaced persons as necessary. This will include the possibility of humanitarian assistance by the SDF.
7. The government of Japan, in cooperation with other countries, will take appropriate measures in response to the changing situation to avoid confusion in the international and domestic economic systems.
All the measures taken by Japanese government in response to international terrorism were basically based on the above mentioned statement of Koizumi. The immediate measures and announcement made by the Japanese Prime Minister were welcomed by the United States and other countries. They appreciated Japanese response and termed it as comprehensive, prompt and appropriate.
Diplomatic Measures
At both levels, bilaterally and multilaterally, Japan engaged in active diplomacy with related countries. Prime Minister Koizumi visited the United States on September 4 to 6 for talks with President Bush, where he conveyed condolences from his Majesty the Emperor and outlined Japan's policy with regard to the contribution announced on September 1. The leaders of both nations affirmed that the United States and Japan would reinforce their diplomatic efforts, toward the countries surrounding Afghanistan, as well as in the efforts in building up international opinion.
Japan also made, appeals to the Islamic countries and Afghanistan's neighbours. Initially, Koizumi sent letters to the Islamic countries, asking them to join in the fight against terrorism while stressing that it was not a fight against Islam. Later on, Koizumi's special envoys visited various relevant countries to affirm their cooperation in the fight against terrorism. Given below is a table showing the various countries visited by the Japanese Prime Minister's envoys, as part of the diplomatic measures taken by the Japanese government to fight international terrorism.
Dates of Visit Designation and Name Country(ies) visited
1. Sep. 5-8 Senior Vice Minister for Foreign Affairs, Seikin Sugiara Pakistan
. Sep. 0- Oct. 5 Former Minister for Foreign Affairs, Masahiko Koumura Saudi Aribia and Iran
. Oct. 7-8 Former Director-General of the Hoikkaido and Okinaka Dev. Agencies, Muneo Suzuki Tajikistan and Uzbekistan
4. October 7-1 Former Prime Minister, Ryutaro Hashimoto Egypt and UAE
5. October 8-0 Former Prime Minister and Senior Vice-Minister for Foreign Affairs Yoshiro Mori and Sugiura India
6. Nov. -7 Minister for Foreign Affairs, Makiko Tanaka Pakistan
7. Oct. 8 Prime Minister, Junichiro Koizumi China
8. Oct. 15 Prime Minister Junichiro Koziumi Republic of Korea (ROK)
Multilaterally, Japan's initiative to make use of the opportunity provided by multilateral fora is worth mentioning the Asia-Pacific Economic Leaders' Meeting held in Shanghai on October 0-1, and the Association of South East Asian Nations, Japan, China and the Republic of Korea (ASEAN+) summit held on November 5.
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