Wednesday, February 5, 2020

The Cold War

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In the Yalta and Potsdam conference 145 there was an agreement over the spheres of influence.There was a separation between Soviet communism and capitalist America.USSR occupied East Europe and the West occupied Greece and Turkey.This caused great tension between the super powers.At the end of world war II the super powers came to conflict,U.S.A and the Soviets.There was great suspicion and hostility between the two,this became known as the Cold War!.A silent war as there was no physical violence,but many words were spoken on both parts,and conflict grew.


The cartoon in source A1 is referring to the Arms Race.This is a primary source which could be seen as biased,as it has been published by a British news magazine,so therefore it is a british interpretation of the situation at that time,and as Britain was an ally to America there view may not of been all round truthful.The cartoon is showing the British cartoonists opinion of the order of which the countries are leading in conflict.Eisenhower and Khruschev are leading followed by MacMillan and De Gaulle.The expressions portrayed on the leaders faces suggests high tension between them all.The Arms Race was nothing to do with winning,but more to do with gaining a status of power.This is a useful source as it gives you a better prospective on the situation between the Super Powers during that time.


A photograph of a lockheed U- reconaissance plane used by the US on high altitude photographic missions over soviet territory is pictured in source A.It is a primary source that is not referenced,and shows tension rising,as the US must of felt suspicious and hostile towards the Soviets,to feel the need to extend to these lengths to watch over soviet territory.


The flight path of the U- plane,like the one Francis Gary Powers took,is shown in source A.Again it is a primary source,It is reliable as it shows the conjecture of the flight path that must of been taken,but the plane crashed so the full flight was not completed,therefore the full flight cannot be proven.The US denied all allegations of having any part in the U- flight plane.This forced the tension to rise.


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A Summit Conference was arranged to occur in Paris.It was convened to discuss Germany,and the possibility of reuniting the country.In source A4 it shows an account of events that occured during the conferrence.It is a secondary source as it was written after the actual event.The conference went drastically wrong,the USSR demanded an appology of the U.S.A,as a result of the U- plane incident,U.S.A refused ,Khruschev left on the first day.Tension arose between the two to an exterme extent,due to this minor disagreement the conference was over shadowed,leaving the situation in Germany still unsolved,no agreement was met.


After the Summit Conference a speech was made by Khruschev as shown in source A5.This is a primary source,and could be seen as biased as it is purely Khruschevs opinion.His words should not be fully trusted as he has a great sense of anger and hostility towards America,following the events that occured at the conference.The source could be un-reliable but still usefull.


The sources show how America put themselves at great risk of confrontation with the USSR,after sending the U- plane into Soviet territory.The consequences of this plan must of been clear to America,before their actions were pursued.Tension was left lingering between the two countries.The separation between communism and capitalism was becoming clear between the two.


A Statement made by Eisenhower when speaking to the press on the 7th of April 145 is Reflecting the domino theory,which is shown in source B1,it is a primary source.This reflects the American view on communism,possibly suggesting his plans on stopping communists advances.The suggestion of this links into Trumans idea of containment.The American President Truman said that, the world was being divided into free,democratic countries and un-democratic communist states.Truman promised help for any people who wanted to resist communism and immediate help to anti-communist governments.President Eisenhower shared these views on stopping communism,the Soviets being communist did not agree,tension was on the increase.


A map that indicates communist controlled areas during most of the war is shown in source B.It is not referrenced therefore it is not possible to state if it is from the American or the Soviet side.In September 145 Ho Chi Minh lead Vietnam against France and declared Vietnam a Independant communist free state,but by 154 the independance of Vietnam had split in half.North Vs South,Communist Vs Capitalist.The North was lead by Ho Chi Minh,it was a communist state and had the capital city Hanoi.The South was lead by president Ngo Dinh Diem,it was a capitalist state and had the capital city of Saigon.In 15 South Vietnam rebels.The Viet Cong,fight to join North and South under the Communist National Liberation Front.The separated states come into major dis-agreement.


Vice President Johnson adressed President Kennedy following a visit to Vietnam in May 161 as shown in source B.It is a primary source showing the report President Kennedy was adressed with by Johnson.This resulted in Kennedy sending advisors into South Vietnam.Johnson suggested helping South Vietnam to defend themselves.He states clearly who America should back If America Does not stand behind President Diem (of South Vietnam),we would say to the world that we dont stand by our friends.


The primary source in B4 is a text written by Stephen .E. Ambrose.In the text it states Kennedy wanted to be able to respond to communist aggression at any level!.This signifys Kennedy defending communism.Kennedy built up a counterinsurgency force,to fight against any rising powers.This force was called the Green Berets.They gave advice to local troops and helped them to train.Kennedy got personally involved when he supervised the selection of new equiptment.He did this so he could take the credit for the good actions performed by soldiers,Kennedy felt he could save the world!.


American helicopters were used by South Vietnamese troops during the early part of the vietnam war.A helicopter bein occupied by Vietnamese troops is pictured in source B4 II,this a primary source which is not referenced,so it is not made apparent who took it.It reflects the influence from Kennedy,where he got personally involved and chose equiptment to be used including helicopters. Also there is a Vietnamese man on board reflecting the influence of the Green Berets ,where they trained the Vietnamese.


The secondary source B4 is not to far from the end of the war,so the information could still be biased or unclear.It is a piece written by J.M.Roberts and taken from The Hutchinson History Of The World in 176.By 160 the Viet Cong had won control over most of South Vietnam.In the text it mentions a phrase a momentous decision that intensified tension between the two rivals.It also mentions that a few years later it led to the situation Truman had hoped to avoid,U.S.A became part of a major war in Asia and in the end it led to the loss of 50,000 American lives.There became a major obsession with counting bodys to tally the amount of lives lost,it became known as the Body Count.It gave the rivals a great sense of justification of their involvement knowing the amount of lives that were lost on Americas part.


The political situation intensified and became more serious when Kennedy took South Vietnams side and got personally involved,it angered the soviets,so they put up their defences and fought back.


Berlin now became one of the focal points of their battle,a wall separated the East from the West.


Source D1 shows a table of statistics.It shows the amount of refugees fleeing from the East to the West during the period of 155-165.One of the first things made apparent in the table,is the dramatic de-crease in the figures of people fleeing in 161-165.The de-crease occured when the Berlin wall had been built,which now divided the East from the West.There is no reference of whether the statistics came from the West or the East side,so it is not clear if it could be biased.It is a primary source and is very usefull for showing the full impact of the building of Berlin Wall.


Khruschev and Kennedy came face to face at the Vienna Summit Conference,just two months before the wall was built,as shown in source D.It is a photograph of the two leaders together.It is a primary source and is not referenced,it could be a personal photo rather than a news paper photograph.It is an intresting source as Kennedy and Khruschev are rival enemys and yet they have agreed to meet and sit so close to one another.This indicates civil attitudes on both parts.


Following the Vienna conference there was a report written by Walter Laquer,it is his interpretation of events,shown in Source D II,a secondary source.Kennedy is faced with an ultimatum put forth to him by Khruschev.Khruschev was out to frighten Kennedy.There is alot of pressure on Kennedy,as he is in the light of Khruschevs prior experience.Kennedy is a young president and may find it hard to over power Khruchevs intellectual knowledge and experience.The source shows soviets weakening under the pressure.Kennedy portrays a sombre,worried attitude to the situation,when the conference ended in disagreement and Kennedy left.This portrays Kennedy as a level headed leader,he is worried about the predicament he is in and shows great concern.Kennedy left the conference knowing he should approach the Russians with caution, but with firmness,so they understand his reasoning.


Kennedys view and personal feelings towards the situation in Berlin are displayed in source D.It shows Kennedys intent.He shows knowledge of Berlin proving he understands who and what he is defending.Kennedy makes an error by mentioning Stalingrad in his speech.Stalingrad was one of Russias greatest battles,this could anger the Russians and raise the tension.He uses the threat of war Any dangerous spot is tenable if men-brave men-will make it so.This speech was made by Kennedy on july 5th 161,a little after the conference.This illustrates Kennedys firmness with the Russians.He uses the subtle threat of war just after mentioning Stalingrad,to capture the attention of the Russians,he uses the knowledge he learnt from the conference and portrays it in his speech using firmness


Two months later the Berlin wall was built.Source D4 shows the building of the wall.The photo was taken on the Berlin wall building date,August 17th 161.The photograph was taken from the West side picturing an East Berliner.This is a primary source.


Following the building of the wall Kennedy visited Berlin three years later in june 16.Source D4 II is a photograph of Kennedy visiting the wall on that date.This is a primary source,Kennedy has a stand built up above the wall,so he can look down on to it and over to the soviet side of communism.This shows propoganda,with Kennedy making his stand higher than the wall shows him portraying the firm attitude that he is higher,bigger and better than the communists,you may try to break the West but we will allways rise above!


Whilst on his visit in 16 Kennedy made a speech,shown in source D5.It is a primary source,and an anti-communist speech.The basic nature of the speech is Kennedy emphasising the point that Berlin has been wrecked by communism,Berlin as a city has been ruined.He uses the repetition of Let them come to Berlin.This is a very effective use of speech,as it emphasises the main point.It creates a very powerfull speech.He also uses the,now famous,phrase Eich Bin Ein Berliner!,meaning I am a Berliner!.This is Kennedys way of portraying the idea that he has become at one with Berlin,he is the symbol of the west.


In conclusion to my essay I personally think due to political and personal differences between the rivals,led them to part further and not regain their differences.All sources reflect the reason of conflict between the two.Berlin lay separated,familys parted and a defiant split between communist and capitalist.Their differences could not be over ridden as pride and leadership lingered over both leaders.The cold war intensified during 161- due to under lying problems between the two,the sense of suspicion and hostility grew due to the event of the Berlin wall,the war in Vietnam and prior events such as the Vienna Summit Conference,and tension intensified.


In 16 Diem was murdered and Kennedy assinated,17 a ceasefire declared not the end of the war,but a settlement of peace.175 Saigon falls.The war had ended.


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Tuesday, February 4, 2020

How Family Affects One's Identity

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In the United States, most people want to make a name for themselves. Whether it is to gain fame or pride, people are looking for an identity in America. In the course of one's life, the home is what greatly affects a person's identity. Using examples from two short stories, it can be seen that one's upbringing greatly affects the rest of his life in a search for identity in America.


Two Kinds tells a story about a young Chinese girl, Amy Tan (the author of the story) growing up in California. She was an ordinary young girl, she had not yet set any major goals in her life; but her mother felt different. Her mother "believed you could be anything you wanted to be in America" (100). With this mentality, she forced her daughter to become what she thought was a "'prodigy'"(100).


One of the first things her mother would have her do is watch Shirley Temple's old movies "as though they were training films" (100). This resulted in her mother's sending Tan to a beauty training school to get her hair cut like Shirley Temple. Then her mother began testing her on random facts using magazines "from people whose houses she cleaned"(101). This is when Tan first showing signs of boredom and disgust.


After a few months, her mother made her take up piano lessons because of something she saw on The Ed Sullivan Show. Her mother even bought Tan her own piano. Unfortunately, though, the person she ended up getting the lessons from was an old man who was deaf, so Tan was at a disadvantage when it came to actually learning the piano well. After a few weeks of attending lessons, her mother made her sign up for a local talent show. When it came time to perform, Tan could tell it was apparent, to not only herself but the audience as well, that she could not play the piano at all. After the show was over Tan says that her "mother's expression was what devastated me a quiet, blank look that said she had lost everything" (105).


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Later in Amy Tan's life when she was in her parents' house after her mother died, she saw the songs lying on the piano that she played in that talent show. She played the two pieces on the piano (a lot better than the way she played in the talent show), and it was at this moment she realized all these events as a child helped mold her into what she has become today. All the pressuring her mother put on her and all the work her mother made her go through helped Amy Tan form her own identity in America.


Courting A Monk tells the story of Katherine Min, a young Korean girl and her life-changing experience in college. But throughout the story, the reader can see it was family that had a great effect on her life.


Min's father was a very silent man. As she goes on to say "Words were not my father's medium . . .He limited himself to . . .the kinds of statements that required no answer, that left no opening for discussion or rejoinder" (106). This silence greatly affected Min's childhood where was she was not able to take in the lesson's that a normal, more verbal father would teach. The combination of strictness and silence that her father had is one of the factors that made her what she was in college. Before she left for college, her father said "'Study hard. Go to bed early. Do not goof off. And do not let the American boys take advantages'" (106). During her college years, she did the exact opposite of what her father told her to do.


When Katherine met Micah at college, she brought him over her house to have dinner with her family. Micah was an American who converted to Buddhism and just came back from studying in a monastery in the Himalayas. Min's father, on the other hand, was born into Buddhism but did not practice it anymore. So when she had Micah over, not only was her father upset that he was not Korean, but he tested him on Buddhism and started getting angry over the knowledge that Micah did not know. Eventually, Min "felt a rising irritation I could not place . . .at my own strange motives for having brought them together" (1041). Eventually, Katherine and Micah left the dinner.


Years have passed now and Katherine and Micah are married, but as Min said "My father refused to attend the wedding. He liked Micah, but he did not want me to marry a Caucasian" (1044).


Katherine Min's life was not held back by strong restrictions, but her Korean background and her family, mainly her father, had a strong effect on her life. She was not taught the basic lessons that any other father would teach, and that was one of the causes for her wild behavior in college. His quiet and strict mannerism created problems when Micah came over as well. If it were not for her father, though, her attitude towards Micah may have been different, or she might not even have met Micah in the first place if her father played more of a direct influence on her at the time. But because her father was the way he was, her identity was formed primarily around her father's indirect influence and the rest of her family life.


Everyone is looking for an identity, but one's identity isn't chosen. It is molded into a person through a number of factors and events that take place during life. In the case of Amy Tan, her mother played a big part in her life. And in the case of Katherine Min, her father played a big part. But whether it's more of a paternal influence or more of a maternal influence, family always plays a big part in one's identity.


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Monday, February 3, 2020

The Hundred Years War effect on England and France

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The Hundred Years War affected both England and France in similar areas, but


had different results. When the war finally ended in 145 England was faced


with many problems. England had suffered minimal physical destruction of


property due to the fact that most of the war was fought on French soil. The


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southern coastal land was the one area affected by physical destruction as


well as the Black Death. While the Black Death is bad for the individuals it


actually helped the southern coastal lands with population control. While


England didnt suffer much physically they did suffer economically.


Approximately 5 million pounds was spent on the war. England did try to help


finance the war by raising taxes on the export of wool. The price became too


high for countries such as Italy to buy. This had a major affect on the


English economy. Following the war England also had much change in its social


behavior. Before the war, knights were looked at as noble people who were


called upon by the government to help run local issues across the land. While


they were at war the lands were lawless. The other soldiers returned from war


as broken beggars, and did not end up with much more than mischievous ideas.


The last area of impact in England occurred in politics. The impact was a


positive one that created a strong English Parliament. The assembly of the


government as a unit with King. This was more of a long-term impact, but


important in creating peace.


France had similar consequences of The Hundred Year war in the depletion of


the population, and false hope of riches for soldiers who chose to go to war.


Physically France was affected more by destruction of vast farmland. The


useless farmland as well as the reduction of trade to foreign countries and


taxation caused many problems economically and socially. Much of the


countries morale had been depleted, and the government was not helping. The


King did not want to form a national assembly in fear of losing his reign of


power. Their were smaller assemblies throughout the countries, but there was


never an assembly like the English Parliament. This was also caused by the


differences of the citizens. Many of them would not even consider themselves


as the French.


The one thing that was a long-term implication for both countries was the idea


of nationalism. Both countries felt bound by many aspects including The


Hundred Years war. In the end it seems that England did end up winning the


war. While they did not gain any land except for Calais, they did not lose


any either. They also grew stronger as a country striving through economic,


social, and political grievances. At the same time France was divided by


different ideas of what their country should be.


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Sunday, February 2, 2020

The Scope of Clinical Practice in Organic and Neurogenic Disorders of Communication

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Organic and neurogenic disorders are on the rise due to two key reasons. The first is an aging population resulting in a vast number of elderly. The elderly are more susceptible to diseases and illnesses such as strokes, hearing loss, and dementia which can lead to a variety of communication related disorders. The second factor is the new technology available today that allows very ill infants to live when they once would have died at birth or soon after. These infants however are very much at risk for many difficulties later in life including communication disorders. The effects of these disorders, for many of these individuals, can be significantly minimized by receiving health and communication services. All of these individuals, the elderly and the once medically fragile newborns will need to seek services in a variety of settings including hospitals, schools, and in the home. These are only a few factors helping to broaden the scope of practice for speech and language pathologists. In fact, in 11, the number of people in the United States affected by communication disorders reached nearly 4 million. Every year 6 million of these cases are due to neurological conditions. Nearly 1.5 million of these were related to strokes. Dementia is the cause in almost 10% of all the cases of the population of those 65 and over and nearly 80% of those individuals who are 85 and older.


Other reasons the scope of clinical practice for speech and language pathologists has greatly expanded are the various technical and theoretical advances that have been made. This expansion includes sophisticated instrumentation to analyze and examine physiological and acoustic elements of communication. These advances broaden the scope of practice in various ways. Such advances include video fluoroscopy which aids in assessing and treating those adults and children who have dysphasia, stroboscopic endoscopy is used to examine normal and disordered vocal fold functions, and Positron Emission Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging are two types of brain imaging techniques that help in examining neural networks and processing language in context.


In the last twenty years there have also been various legal mandates that have helped to shape the nature of service delivery, the type of patient receiving service, and the setting where these services are provided. There are several federal legislations relating to the provision of basic educational services to children with disabilities. The Education for all Handicap Children Act, PL 4-14 went into effect in 175. This act entitles every child in the US a free public education and requires that it is at a level that compliments the child's level of development. This mandate affects all children including those who are handicapped or developmentally delayed from the age of to 1. The scope includes those individuals with speech and language impairments. Each child is to be placed in the "least" restrictive environment and provided any and all of the additional related services required for them to receive benefit from their education. The Educational of the Handicapped Amendment, PL -457, was signed in 186 to provide services for handicap children and those at risk for developmental delay age birth to . States who serve these children are offered assistance through this amendment. PL 101-476 amended PL 4-14 by adding two new categories. These were psychiatric disorders and brain trauma. In the amendment the term "handicapped children" was also changed to "children with disabilities." The American with Disabilities Act of 10 was designed to offer individuals with disabilities protection from discrimination. The purpose of the ADA is to mandate the mainstreaming of these individuals into societal and economic settings. Through this the federal government becomes responsible for enforcing the standards addressing discrimination against such individuals.


Speech and language pathologists serve to assist a variety of organic and neurogenic disorders that can affect a wide range of ages. Early intervention had broadened to include the services of speech-language pathologists in such capacities as feeding therapy and intervention for those who are at risk of possible developmental delay. In the public and private school settings therapists serve as a part of an educational team who see a variety of students such as those who are medically fragile, those at risk for delay, those with autism, those with severe handicaps and hearing losses among many others. Services also include the acute care setting. These services include assessment and short term treatment for patients with such problems as head trauma, stroke, and laryngectomies. In this type of setting the family in usually included in the counseling. Long term rehabilitation centers also enlist the services of speech and language pathologists. The goal is to maximize the patient's communication and help them in readjustment to society.


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Friday, January 31, 2020

Islam's Perspective on Death

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Islam's Perspective on Death


For most of mankind life in the world is nothing but mere play and amusement. They strive in collecting as much wealth as possible and their expenditure is also on fun, enjoyment and luxury. They do not realize that one-day they have to die, until it catches them unaware (Urday 1). The quote above is mentioning how people are so involved with this world and its pleasures, that they are forgetting that there will come a day when they must leave this world. Now the question that comes to peoples mind, is Islam's view on death is much more frightening then other religions, such as Christianity? To fully understand Islam's perspective on death you have to know a little background about what a Muslim believes in. A Muslim is a person who follows the religion Islam. The following is a brief introduction to the religion. The word Islam is an Arabic word that holds an immense amount meaning. The main two are submission and peace. Submission means total submission to and acceptance of the one god and his will. Peace means inner peace with all creations. It is through total submission that a person may acquire such inner peace. To begin with at the time of death a Muslim believes that he goes through a series of changes. From there, a person is put into the grave, and in the grave the person goes through a sequence of trials and tribulations according to how a person was on earth. In the end, a Muslim believes he is to be resurrected on the Day of Judgment and to be given his judgment of whether he enters heaven or hell.


To begin with, a Muslim believes that he goes through a serious of physical changes before he dies. At the time of death, a persons color begins to change into an ashen gray, each vein is drawn out individually, the eyes roll up to the top of their sockets, the lips are drawn back, the tongue contracts to its roots, the testicles rise up, fingertips turn a greenish-black, and one by one every thing begins to die. It starts from the feet and works its way up to the throat, at this point the gates of repentance are closed and a person sees the world for the last time (Ibrahim 56). Mohammed the last prophet of the Muslims was asked to describe the pain of death he replied, " It is equal to three hundred blows with a sword" (Ibrahim 60). The agonies of death contain three calamities. The first was mentioned above. The second is as follows; the angel of death appears and inspires great fear and terror in the hearts of the evildoer. The prophet Abraham once asked the Angel of Death, "Are you able to show me the form you assume when taking the sprit of the evildoer?" The angel replied, "you could not bear it," to which the Abraham replied, "yes I could." The Angel of Death then asked him to turn away and when he turned around they're stood before him a dark man draped in black, hair erect and evil smelling. From his mouth and nostrils sparks and smoke were coming out. Prophet Abraham then fainted and when he came back he said, "were the evildoer to confront nothing but your visage after this death it would quite suffice him"(Hamid 4). The mentioned story shows how vile and evil the Angel of death would appear to be a non-believer or bad follower of Islam. Even a prophet such as Abraham could not with stand the evilness of such a being, as a result of witnessing such evil he fainted. Now if a regular person were to look at himself he wouldn't even be able compare himself to a prophet. Imagine if a normal person were to see such a being, he would be in such terror that he himself might die at the sight of such a horrid being. Now a person may ask, "what will the Angel of Death look like to a believer?" And that is exactly what Abraham did at a later time. He inquired, "are you able to show me the form in which you take the soul of a believer?" The Angel of Death then requested him to turn away and when Abraham turned around he saw a young, handsome man, who was perfumed and finely attired. Thereupon Abraham said, "O Angel of Death, were the believer to encounter only your form upon his death it would be quite suffice him!"(Hamid 45). Try to Picture the Angel of death in his evil sight instead of his good sight. This alone would make a normal person crumble because of how disgusting the angel would appear to be. The third calamity of death for a person who does evil is that the angel of death will shout. "Rejoice, O enemy of God, at the prospect of hell!" for the person who is a true believer the Angel of Death will shout, "Rejoice, O friend of God, at the prospects of heaven" (Hamid 46). A person basically knows if he will enter heaven or hell just by the way the Angel of Death seizes his soul.


Following the life of the present world, is the life of the grave. Inside of the grave a person will induce many different trials and tribulations according to how his or her time was spent on Earth. If he was a good believer then the Day of Judgment will come to him running, but if he were a bad believer or a non-believer then he will endure pain and tortures in the grave according to what he had done wrong on earth. The person will be put through a series of questions. It is said on the authority of al-Bara-ibn-Aazim who heard the prophet Mohammed saying, "two severe angels shall come and terrify him and sit him up next to them and shall ask him, Who is your Lord?" He shall reply My Lord is Allah. At that moment, they shall ask him, What is your religion?" He shall answer them My religion is Islam. At that point, they shall ask him, Who is this man who was sent among you?" He will reply, He is the Messenger of Allah peace be upon him. At that time, they shall ask him, What have you done?" He shall reply, I read the book of Allah, then I believed in it and accepted it. This will be the last trial on earth for a true believer. Allah (God) will on that occasion reply, My slave has spoken the truth, so spread out for him from the heaven, and clothe him from the heaven, and open a door for him from the heaven within his grave, so its goodness and its smell will come unto him (Sherif 1). Before long, his grave will be expanded for him as far as he can see. This will only happen if a person was a true believer. Or else the following will take place. Mohammed said, "…the disbelieving transgressor, wicked servant, if he is leaving this life and journeying to the hereafter then angels will descend upon him, their faces will be black, they have with them a coarse woolen fabric made of fire. Then the angel of death will come and sit at his head and will say, O you wicked soul; come out to a anger from your Lord and a fury from Him. So it will be spread out throughout his body, then it will be ripped away as a skewer/spit is ripped out of damp cotton and in its way out it will tear and cut the nerves and blood vessels and then he will be cursed by all the angels between the earth and the sky and by all the angels in the sky, and at last gates of heaven will be closed. Thereupon, he will take the soul, not leaving it in his hand for longer than a blink of an eye until they have placed it in that sackcloth. And there will emanate from it a stench like that of the most evil smelling corpse. Then they shall ascend with it, and they shall not pass with it by a group of angels but they will say, "What is this wicked soul?" Then they shall say to them, "he is such the son of such", choosing the most hated of the names he used to be called in this life. Until they reach the lowest part of heaven, then the person shall ask permission to enter, and they shall not be granted entry. Then Mohammed recites, The doors of the sky are not opened to them, nor shall they enter heaven until the camel passes through the eye of the needle" (Life after Death 1-).


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Lastly is the Day of Judgment. The day in which everyone is resurrected from the grave, and brought in front of their lord for judgment. Everyone who ever who took a breath from this earth will be standing there in terror. Imagine yourself at this moment standing in front of God and wondering whether you will be going to heaven or hell. The Guardians of hell come bounding towards mankind in rage at those who had disobeyed God and who had rebelled against his ordinances (ICNA ). Huge and powerful angels will descend who are to grab the unrighteous people, and place them in front of their lord. Take a moment to grasp in your mind and heart the state of the peoples hearts as they are filled with terror and panic. At this moment a person will not care for any thing but him self. A person will desert his own brother, father, mother, anyone that had ever meant any thing to him. Each person will be taken one by one and questioned about his great and minor deeds, of his secret and public life, and of the actions of his every limb and extremity (Welcome to Submission 1). Everyone will be held accountable for every good deed and bad deed they have done throughout his or her life on earth. Not everyone will enter hell. Allah (god) from his mercy will forgive a lot of the sins and will let people enter heaven. He is not a ruthless lord that likes putting everyone in hell. He will forgive those who deserve to be forgiven. After the inquisition there will be types of people. The first type is people who do not have a single good deed to there credit. In their case there shall emerge from Hell a black creature that shall snatch them as a bird pecks at grain, and grasp them and pitch them into hell. The second type of people are those who have been forgiven of all their sins by their lord and they go straight to heaven. The last type of people are the majority of people, it is not clear to them whether they will enter heaven or hell. But, it is clear to Allah (God) as to which of them will enter the gates of paradise or to the depths of hell. These people will be staring at the scales and will be very horrified of what there fate shall be (Between life and death ). When this day arises everyone will know that the Day of Judgment is coming to a close. In a sermon by the Mohammed he explained, "On the day of arising, mankind shall be resurrected in three groups those who ride those who walk, and those who walk on their faces." A man asked, "O emissary of God, how could they walk on there faces? And he answered, "The one who made them walk on their feet is well able to make them walk on their faces" (Concept of Life and death). As the Day of Judgment comes to an end, God will summon Adam and say to him, "Call for the company of hell", and Adam will ask, "And how many are the company of hell? Then god will reply, "From every thousand, there are nine hundred and ninety-nine (Ansari 8).


In conclusion, Islam's perspective on death is more frightening then other religions, such as Christianity. Islam says that if you are not a Muslim then you will enter Hell. In an Interview, a well-known scholar by the name of Mohammed Gousuddin described life in a short story, and the story is as follows, "A man slipped down from the brink of a deep well. Fortunately, a plant had grown in the wall of the well, and while falling down his hands clutched a branch of the plant. After the initial shock, he began looking up and down. What he saw, was enough to make him scared. A huge serpent, in the depth of the well, was waiting for him to fall down. Desperately, he decided to remain where he was and then saw, to his horror, two mice. One was black and the other was white. They were both busy cutting the rope of that plant. He lost all hope. Then he looked up, and his heart was full with hope. He was not very far from the rim of the well and, by a little judicious effort could reach to safety very easily. Then he saw a beehive in that plant. And forgetting his tragic position, he began eating the honey. Of coarse, the bees did not like it and began stinging him, but he remained calm of all his troubles. A short time after, the mice succeeded in cutting the plant down and he fell in the mouth of the serpent". He then explained what the story had to do with life he said, "We are that man this world is that well; the plant in the middle is our life; which is being coded away by every passing night and day-the black and white mice; death is the serpent waiting for us. The honey represents the pleasures of this world, for which we quarrel with other people- the bees, and are bitten by them. What makes our plight more tragic is the fact that rescue is never far. It just requires a little effort on our path to reach the safety and security provided by Allah (God). We may easily reach him and be safe forever. Or, on the other hand, we may be destroyed by death. The choice is ours.


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Wednesday, January 29, 2020

Men Vs Women

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0 September 00


" There are good evolutionary reasons for the differences and women should not be too hasty in changing the way things have been traditionally organised"


Since the beginning of time women have been regarded as the weaker sex. Although many people strongly oppose this idea, there are reasons why this is the thought of the majority.


Females have always been seen as mentally weaker than males and this is largely due to one of the oldest books in History, the Bible. Adam and Eve, supposedly the first people on earth, were the first to depict this. It was Eve who was weak and gave in to the temptation of the forbidden fruit, therefore resulting in both Adam and Eve being removed from paradise. It is also commonly known that women tend to be more sensitive than men are.


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It is a proven fact that men are physically stronger than women are. Many women may disagree with this point and some women have tried to take on occupations of a more physical nature, but if one thinks about it, how many women are, for example, builders? Not very many, if any for that matter.


Dating back to ancient time's powerful monarchs had concubines that were used to please them. Even though they may not have enjoyed their line of work and may have been threatened with their lives and that of their loved ones, in return they were fed, looked after and had a roof over their head. Instead of putting an end to their lives of servitude, their train of thought was probably, why bite the hand that feeds you?


Take Hitler for example or Napoleon, two of the greatest dictators that ever lived. If they were women, would the people listen to their ideas? Not likely! Chances are that those who listened would end up rolling on the floor in peals of laughter at the idea of some lady telling hem that all Jews should die and that she should be the ruler of a perfect world.


Women may feel that they have never been given enough credit, but Shakespeare who is the greatest play write that ever lived, even though he may have been male, had a very liberal attitude towards women and showed a great deal of respect for them in his work.


Women are the ones who give birth and with possessing the ability to do so they also have the added emotional stress of pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS), where they can be extremely irritable and may have mood swings. Imagine a female president whom, while going through PMS, decides to put all the country's funds to saving the chimpanzee and deduct money from the maintenance of the country!


Women enjoy dressing up for men and they love receiving gifts and makeup etc. Where does the money for these things and the gifts come from? The men of course! Would women really want to give up the idea of being spoilt by their partners and rather be seen on an equal level as their male companions? If they do feel that way then they should fight for their right to be on an equal level as men, but if majority of the women in this world feel the same as myself than I am afraid that they are fighting a losing battle.


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Tuesday, January 28, 2020

Tombolos island

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TOMBOLOS. an island or reef situated just offshore has a dramatic effect on the wave conditions along a beach. As consequence, material is swept into the sheltered area behind it forming either a salient in the beach plan shape into the beach plan shape or sometimes allowing a neck of sediments to deposit, connecting the island to the beach. This feature is referred to as a Tombolo, after a particularly impressive example on the Tuscany coast of Italy, (Tombolo di Orbello). In general, tombolos form in areas of very low tidal range, where the complicating effects of tidal currents and changes in the water level are small.


INTRODUCTION


Island is of Jurassic limestone extends into English Channel and is Dorsets southernmost point. Joined to the mainland by the geological phenomenon known as Chesil Beach, the beach is said to have been formed approximatety 10,000 years ago and its formation is known as a tombolo which can be briefly described as, a strech of sediment deposit forming a connection between an island and the mainland or two or more islands. They are formed when an island or reef situated just offshore has an effect on the wave conditions along a beach. As a consequence, material is swept into the sheltered area behind it allowing a neck of sediments to deposit, connecting the island to the beach. Another process found to form these connecting features is Longshore drift, when sediments are moved horizontally along a beach and reach an indentation the sediments are deposited at the point of indentation allowing the formation to continue, this was the case during formation of Chesil Beach where an indentation occurred at , an This feature is referred to as a Tombolo, after a particularly impressive example on the Tuscany coast of Italy, (Tombolo di Orbello). In general, tombolos form in areas of very low tidal range, where the complicating effects of tidal currents and changes in the water level are small.


(include info on beach tombolo etc) Portland 4 1/ miles long by 1 ¾ miles wide, population of over 1,500


Island throughout history has been linked with the name of Portland stone. Quarried at least since roman times, blockstone of the Jurassic Portland beds has been used in famous buildings- St Pauls Cathedral and Whitehall. Beds date from around 140 million years ago, of marine origin contains many fossils from a sub tropical sea. Large ammonites from the beds can be seen in walls and gardens around island.


Islands economy relied on quarrying as government granted planning consents for quarries many of which still remain open today. In recent years economy relied less on quarrying as numbers employed decreased and more on Naval presence with harbour and MoD research establishments after the WW


Loss of jobs due top closure of these sites.


Therefore need to reduce dependency on defence agencies. And restructure and regenerate economy by reusing vacant Naval base and other sites diversifying economy. Options include;-


- development of appropriate Tourism drawing on natural environmental and heritage assets.


South Dorset Economic Partnership (SDEP) + private sector coordinate regeneration of economy attract investment.


- Assisted area status grants from Do Trade and Industry secured for current and new business.


- Grant aid from EU's Konver 1 programme assists defence dependant industries to diversify.


- Single Regeneration Budget funds targeted at social, employment, tourism and environmental initiatives.


HISTORICAL AND CUTURAL INPUTS.


Evidence of Mesolithic settlements from remains,


Not a lot remains of Roman settlements except Rufus Castle, near Church Ope, which is believed to have been built by William II ("Rufus" C1056-1060) Rebuilt 158, said to be oldest building of Portland stone. Farming, Fishing, mining and quarrying formed mainstay of Islands economy for many years


As English Naval Power grew Portland became a place of strategic importance and as a part of his plan to defend the coast Henry VIII ordered construction of Sandsfoot (partly destroyed) and Portland (built 1540 now managed by English Heritage) Castles to be built.


Much land owned by Crown Estate as a result of its status as a royal manor. Court Leet safeguards the extensive areas of common land.


Three lighthouses built over a period of two hundred years. Steam power and consolidation of Britain as a naval power saw changes to Portland. Building of breakwaters (info on breakwaters) to form Portland Harbour was a feat of engineering, which took more than 6 million tonnes of Portland Stone. Harbour played important roles in both world wars and important place of embarkation for invasion of Europe in 144.


THE HISTORY AND FUTURE OF QUARRYING ON PORTLAND.


Island linked with name of Portland stone. Quarried since roman times, blockstone has been used in many famous buildings such as St Pauls Cathedral, the UN building in New York, Waterloo Bridge and Whitehall. The Portland beds 140 million years old and are of marine origin. Stone is part of upper Jurassic region 10-140 million years old. 5 meters in depth. Above is base of Lower Purbeck. Known as a dimension stone. Crushing for aggregate has become more wide spread. Dimension stone still quarried for, for resoration and new building.


Changes in industry have had marked effect on numbers of people employed in quarrying. Dimension stone quarrying still important but manning of modern machinery is greatly reduced. Numbers reduced for few hundreds to a few tens of men.


Planning permissions for mineral working on Portland cover 0hectares (815 acres) 7% of island., all but 0hectares (50 acres) of which were granted by permissions in 48 and 51 this reflected demand for stone at time (post war) reconstructing British cities Plymouth Southampton Swansea. e.g.s of where Portland stone was used. Only small amount was suitable for use as dimension stone therefore quarrying was expected to be limited, but no specific restrictions placed on planning consents. Although sites have also provided a source of cruished rock not envisaged when permissions granted has had environmental impact and implications for scale of future operations.


Original permissions granted they had no time limit now since Mineral Act 181, new mineral developments have 60year limit. Restoration and reclamation of old quarries is required some closed quarries may be reopened for if stone is needed to match existing restoration work result quarrying can continue for many years into future even without the granting of any further plan consents. Quarrying of blockstone has been in six quarries Admiralty, Boweres, Coombefield and Weston, Independent, Inmosthay and Perryfields. Also areas of island where consents granted but quarrying has not begun. INDICATED IN RESOOURCE PLANS(probably been fleeced)


In future rate quarrying rate will depend upon


- continued demand for dimension stone -a specialist market


- more general demand for crushed rock


- the demand for Portland stone for use as rock armour in sea defences.


- Architecurl styles adopted


- Buoyancy of the building industry


- Demand for natural stone.


Market for crushed rock less clear. Demand for crushed Portland stone will depend on availability of material from other sources closer/more easily attainable to the areas demanding, transport costs are significant in end costs High bulk low value.


Different quarries on island give rise to different types and qualities of Stone due to different beds in geological series. More systematic programme of working the mineral reserves due to fewer land ownerships and firms.


INFILLING OF QUARRIES FUTURE


Carefull consideration is needed in establishing methods of land resoration. Different types of fill


Infilling with quarry waste


Infilling with inert waste waste stone from quarries, builders rubble, non decomposing material.


Infilling with other non inert or putrescible waste. household and garden refuse degrades BUTProduces methane co and a liquid leachate..


PLANTING AREAS.


Retained trees, hedges and woodland areas, together with any on site and/or off site screen planting shall be prtotectedmainained and all failures replaced annually throughout operation.


PLANT, BUILDINGS AND MACHINERY.


All plant and buildings shall be painted in a colour and maintained throughout operation.


ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS


Where archaeological remains exist


Provide adequate opportunity and access for archaeological investigation and recording of the site.


Agree on selection of a properly qualified archaeologist to carry out the investigation.


Miscellaneous.


Stockpiles and overburden mounds shall be located to minimise environmental impact in locations to max heights agreed.


THE IMPORTANCE OF TOURISM.


THE REGENERATION OPTIONS FOR PORTLAND


Throughout history the economy of Portland island has been able to comfortably rely on the capital provided by the quarrying industry, however as the population of the island began to grow as did the technology used for the stone extraction, leaving many islanders jobless due to the use of machinery. The island has long had a strong military presence due to its geographically strategic defensive position, however when the Ministry of Defence began using the harbour as a Naval research centre, it seemed that the economy was "saved" and that no-one need worry. In more recent past it has been announced that the Ministry of Defence planned to close the research station and move on, this caused quitew a stir and since then there has been a concerted effort from the central government and local businesses to ensure that the economy of Portland is kept from failure.


THE MIX OF RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES ON PORTLAND.


The Island of Portland boasts many places of interest with a wide range of church buildings and military installations of the past, however, the most well known attractions include, Portland Bill lighthouse overlooking the English channel, one of the best preserved of Henry VIII's coastal forts is Portland Castle, the impressive sweep of Chesil Beach tombolo; Portland Museum and Shipwreck Exhibition, church Ope Cove, with the ruins of Rufus Castle and St Andrews Church. There are also the gardens, the Tout Quarry and sculpture park, a butterfly reserve, Art Galleries and Cliffside walks offering spectacular views.


Seeing as the island is so small, the attractions upon Portland are all situated very close together. The most obvious attraction to mention is the famous Portland Bill Lighthouse and vistors centre, positioned at the Southern most point of the island on a dramatic rocky outcrop. It was built between 10-106 and stands 16 feet high, it is surrounded by rock pools and old disused coastal quarries where some of the wooden derricks once used for loading stone onto boats still stands.


Further along the coast is Ope Cove which is home to the original Saxon St Andrews Church abandoned in 175, and the St Andrews Church memorial church, built in memory of the crew of a vessel "The Avalanche" on route to New Zealand in 1877. The Avalanche was sunk when 106 people lost their lives. The remaining twelve people were rescued by local fishing and rowing boats. The construction of the church was prompted by the owners of the vessel with donations from the crown and New Zealand. The cove and its attractions are overlooked by the ruins of the Rufus Castle, which was built by Rufus the son of William the Conqueror, but fell to William the Conqueror's grandaughter after a feud in 114 with King Stephen.


The Portland museum and shipwreck exhibition houses the islands smuggling artefacts, with the adjoining building containing the Portland Gallery exposed the Islands natural and social heritage and history.


Portland Castle is just one of Henry the VIII's defensive fortresses, the purpose of this one was to protect the harbour against invasion. Built in 15, it changed hands twice and was one of the last defences to surrender to Cromwell's men, it remained functioning for four hundered and fifteen years until 154 as it was recommissioned in an effort to prevent piracy and smuggling.


The Portland Harbour is the first area noticeable when entering Portland, it is one of the worlds largest man-made harbours, the massive breakwaters were constructed in the mid 1th century and used over 6 million tonnes of Portland stone, the harbour is bound by the island the mainland of Weymouth and is backed by the Chesil beach tombolo.


The Portland Harbour is very popular with participants of water sports offering a safe sheltered area for sports such as sailing, windsurfing, SCUBA diving, canoeing and swimming.


The afore-mentioned plans to develop the abandoned Ministry of Defence Naval Research centre at the harbour into a watersports center for holiday makers and professionals alike will improve the ease of participation in these activities.


THE CONSERVATION OF PORTLANDS ENVIRONMENT.


PERSONAL PROJECTS UNDERTAKEN.


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