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In the Yalta and Potsdam conference 145 there was an agreement over the spheres of influence.There was a separation between Soviet communism and capitalist America.USSR occupied East Europe and the West occupied Greece and Turkey.This caused great tension between the super powers.At the end of world war II the super powers came to conflict,U.S.A and the Soviets.There was great suspicion and hostility between the two,this became known as the Cold War!.A silent war as there was no physical violence,but many words were spoken on both parts,and conflict grew.
The cartoon in source A1 is referring to the Arms Race.This is a primary source which could be seen as biased,as it has been published by a British news magazine,so therefore it is a british interpretation of the situation at that time,and as Britain was an ally to America there view may not of been all round truthful.The cartoon is showing the British cartoonists opinion of the order of which the countries are leading in conflict.Eisenhower and Khruschev are leading followed by MacMillan and De Gaulle.The expressions portrayed on the leaders faces suggests high tension between them all.The Arms Race was nothing to do with winning,but more to do with gaining a status of power.This is a useful source as it gives you a better prospective on the situation between the Super Powers during that time.
A photograph of a lockheed U- reconaissance plane used by the US on high altitude photographic missions over soviet territory is pictured in source A.It is a primary source that is not referenced,and shows tension rising,as the US must of felt suspicious and hostile towards the Soviets,to feel the need to extend to these lengths to watch over soviet territory.
The flight path of the U- plane,like the one Francis Gary Powers took,is shown in source A.Again it is a primary source,It is reliable as it shows the conjecture of the flight path that must of been taken,but the plane crashed so the full flight was not completed,therefore the full flight cannot be proven.The US denied all allegations of having any part in the U- flight plane.This forced the tension to rise.
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A Summit Conference was arranged to occur in Paris.It was convened to discuss Germany,and the possibility of reuniting the country.In source A4 it shows an account of events that occured during the conferrence.It is a secondary source as it was written after the actual event.The conference went drastically wrong,the USSR demanded an appology of the U.S.A,as a result of the U- plane incident,U.S.A refused ,Khruschev left on the first day.Tension arose between the two to an exterme extent,due to this minor disagreement the conference was over shadowed,leaving the situation in Germany still unsolved,no agreement was met.
After the Summit Conference a speech was made by Khruschev as shown in source A5.This is a primary source,and could be seen as biased as it is purely Khruschevs opinion.His words should not be fully trusted as he has a great sense of anger and hostility towards America,following the events that occured at the conference.The source could be un-reliable but still usefull.
The sources show how America put themselves at great risk of confrontation with the USSR,after sending the U- plane into Soviet territory.The consequences of this plan must of been clear to America,before their actions were pursued.Tension was left lingering between the two countries.The separation between communism and capitalism was becoming clear between the two.
A Statement made by Eisenhower when speaking to the press on the 7th of April 145 is Reflecting the domino theory,which is shown in source B1,it is a primary source.This reflects the American view on communism,possibly suggesting his plans on stopping communists advances.The suggestion of this links into Trumans idea of containment.The American President Truman said that, the world was being divided into free,democratic countries and un-democratic communist states.Truman promised help for any people who wanted to resist communism and immediate help to anti-communist governments.President Eisenhower shared these views on stopping communism,the Soviets being communist did not agree,tension was on the increase.
A map that indicates communist controlled areas during most of the war is shown in source B.It is not referrenced therefore it is not possible to state if it is from the American or the Soviet side.In September 145 Ho Chi Minh lead Vietnam against France and declared Vietnam a Independant communist free state,but by 154 the independance of Vietnam had split in half.North Vs South,Communist Vs Capitalist.The North was lead by Ho Chi Minh,it was a communist state and had the capital city Hanoi.The South was lead by president Ngo Dinh Diem,it was a capitalist state and had the capital city of Saigon.In 15 South Vietnam rebels.The Viet Cong,fight to join North and South under the Communist National Liberation Front.The separated states come into major dis-agreement.
Vice President Johnson adressed President Kennedy following a visit to Vietnam in May 161 as shown in source B.It is a primary source showing the report President Kennedy was adressed with by Johnson.This resulted in Kennedy sending advisors into South Vietnam.Johnson suggested helping South Vietnam to defend themselves.He states clearly who America should back If America Does not stand behind President Diem (of South Vietnam),we would say to the world that we dont stand by our friends.
The primary source in B4 is a text written by Stephen .E. Ambrose.In the text it states Kennedy wanted to be able to respond to communist aggression at any level!.This signifys Kennedy defending communism.Kennedy built up a counterinsurgency force,to fight against any rising powers.This force was called the Green Berets.They gave advice to local troops and helped them to train.Kennedy got personally involved when he supervised the selection of new equiptment.He did this so he could take the credit for the good actions performed by soldiers,Kennedy felt he could save the world!.
American helicopters were used by South Vietnamese troops during the early part of the vietnam war.A helicopter bein occupied by Vietnamese troops is pictured in source B4 II,this a primary source which is not referenced,so it is not made apparent who took it.It reflects the influence from Kennedy,where he got personally involved and chose equiptment to be used including helicopters. Also there is a Vietnamese man on board reflecting the influence of the Green Berets ,where they trained the Vietnamese.
The secondary source B4 is not to far from the end of the war,so the information could still be biased or unclear.It is a piece written by J.M.Roberts and taken from The Hutchinson History Of The World in 176.By 160 the Viet Cong had won control over most of South Vietnam.In the text it mentions a phrase a momentous decision that intensified tension between the two rivals.It also mentions that a few years later it led to the situation Truman had hoped to avoid,U.S.A became part of a major war in Asia and in the end it led to the loss of 50,000 American lives.There became a major obsession with counting bodys to tally the amount of lives lost,it became known as the Body Count.It gave the rivals a great sense of justification of their involvement knowing the amount of lives that were lost on Americas part.
The political situation intensified and became more serious when Kennedy took South Vietnams side and got personally involved,it angered the soviets,so they put up their defences and fought back.
Berlin now became one of the focal points of their battle,a wall separated the East from the West.
Source D1 shows a table of statistics.It shows the amount of refugees fleeing from the East to the West during the period of 155-165.One of the first things made apparent in the table,is the dramatic de-crease in the figures of people fleeing in 161-165.The de-crease occured when the Berlin wall had been built,which now divided the East from the West.There is no reference of whether the statistics came from the West or the East side,so it is not clear if it could be biased.It is a primary source and is very usefull for showing the full impact of the building of Berlin Wall.
Khruschev and Kennedy came face to face at the Vienna Summit Conference,just two months before the wall was built,as shown in source D.It is a photograph of the two leaders together.It is a primary source and is not referenced,it could be a personal photo rather than a news paper photograph.It is an intresting source as Kennedy and Khruschev are rival enemys and yet they have agreed to meet and sit so close to one another.This indicates civil attitudes on both parts.
Following the Vienna conference there was a report written by Walter Laquer,it is his interpretation of events,shown in Source D II,a secondary source.Kennedy is faced with an ultimatum put forth to him by Khruschev.Khruschev was out to frighten Kennedy.There is alot of pressure on Kennedy,as he is in the light of Khruschevs prior experience.Kennedy is a young president and may find it hard to over power Khruchevs intellectual knowledge and experience.The source shows soviets weakening under the pressure.Kennedy portrays a sombre,worried attitude to the situation,when the conference ended in disagreement and Kennedy left.This portrays Kennedy as a level headed leader,he is worried about the predicament he is in and shows great concern.Kennedy left the conference knowing he should approach the Russians with caution, but with firmness,so they understand his reasoning.
Kennedys view and personal feelings towards the situation in Berlin are displayed in source D.It shows Kennedys intent.He shows knowledge of Berlin proving he understands who and what he is defending.Kennedy makes an error by mentioning Stalingrad in his speech.Stalingrad was one of Russias greatest battles,this could anger the Russians and raise the tension.He uses the threat of war Any dangerous spot is tenable if men-brave men-will make it so.This speech was made by Kennedy on july 5th 161,a little after the conference.This illustrates Kennedys firmness with the Russians.He uses the subtle threat of war just after mentioning Stalingrad,to capture the attention of the Russians,he uses the knowledge he learnt from the conference and portrays it in his speech using firmness
Two months later the Berlin wall was built.Source D4 shows the building of the wall.The photo was taken on the Berlin wall building date,August 17th 161.The photograph was taken from the West side picturing an East Berliner.This is a primary source.
Following the building of the wall Kennedy visited Berlin three years later in june 16.Source D4 II is a photograph of Kennedy visiting the wall on that date.This is a primary source,Kennedy has a stand built up above the wall,so he can look down on to it and over to the soviet side of communism.This shows propoganda,with Kennedy making his stand higher than the wall shows him portraying the firm attitude that he is higher,bigger and better than the communists,you may try to break the West but we will allways rise above!
Whilst on his visit in 16 Kennedy made a speech,shown in source D5.It is a primary source,and an anti-communist speech.The basic nature of the speech is Kennedy emphasising the point that Berlin has been wrecked by communism,Berlin as a city has been ruined.He uses the repetition of Let them come to Berlin.This is a very effective use of speech,as it emphasises the main point.It creates a very powerfull speech.He also uses the,now famous,phrase Eich Bin Ein Berliner!,meaning I am a Berliner!.This is Kennedys way of portraying the idea that he has become at one with Berlin,he is the symbol of the west.
In conclusion to my essay I personally think due to political and personal differences between the rivals,led them to part further and not regain their differences.All sources reflect the reason of conflict between the two.Berlin lay separated,familys parted and a defiant split between communist and capitalist.Their differences could not be over ridden as pride and leadership lingered over both leaders.The cold war intensified during 161- due to under lying problems between the two,the sense of suspicion and hostility grew due to the event of the Berlin wall,the war in Vietnam and prior events such as the Vienna Summit Conference,and tension intensified.
In 16 Diem was murdered and Kennedy assinated,17 a ceasefire declared not the end of the war,but a settlement of peace.175 Saigon falls.The war had ended.
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