Budget surplus for recreational

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Dear Mayor

It is to my understanding that your community has a budget surplus and wants to address the problem of an increasing crime rate. Two proposals are under consideration. One proposal is to have more police officers to lock up criminals and the second proposal is to build a recreational center to keep young people off the streets and out of trouble. I suggest the surplus money should be used to build a recreational center in order to keep young people off the streets and out of trouble. It will improve the quality of life in your neighborhood.

Building a recreational center for kids will give them a place to hang out after school. This recreational center will be a fun and educational place. This place can be used for research for students just like a library. We can also arrange for a library a study where kids can be helped with their homework assignments. They can just hang out there, read a book or log on to the computer. It is just like an after school program knowing that your child is in the safe place after school will improve the quality of life in your neighborhood.

Statistic shows that the majority of teens that attend high school get involved in dealing with drugs. It is proven that taking drugs can result in the person becoming unconscious. This will result in committing crimes like shoplifting or murdering someone if the kid has a knife or gun. Keeping our streets safe will improve the quality of life in our neighborhood we should build that recreational center.

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Using that surplus money to have more police officers to lock up criminals is not a good idea as to build a recreational center. We don't need police officers just to lock up criminals. But instead we need some place for our teens to be after school where they can be safe. If they are out in the streets something will eventually happen. There are teens that deal with drugs, smoke and alcohol. We can prevent this from happening by building a recreational center for teens. We don't need police to lock up criminals because all those teens will be recreational center which means there will be fewer kids out in the streets. Less kids outside means less crime, which will improve the quality of life in the neighborhood.

Thus while having more police officers to lock up criminals is important the lack of recreational center for idle teens is absolutely necessary at the same time. Such facility will provide teens with the opportunity to engage in creative play in safe environment, which would keep them off the streets. This will improve the quality of life not for the children but also for members in the community as well.

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Cloudstreet

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Experience shows that few people really understand what "Euthanasia" is. Euthanasia is not turning off respirators or life support machines. Turning off respirators and life support machines is merely recognizing that only intrusive medicine is keeping a person alive. Taking away that intrusive treatment, the person dies naturally. On the contrary, euthanasia is the deliberate causing of a patients premature death. For example, a doctor gives a lethal injection to a patient, or someone hooks up a face mask and tubing to a canister of carbon monoxide and then instructs the suicidal person on how to push the lever so that they will be gassed to death. For all practical purposes any distinction between euthanasia and assisted suicide have been abandoned today.

Arguments for

ɨ Can quickly and humanely end a patients suffering

ɨ Can help to shorten grief and suffering of patient's family

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ɨ Would help others face death if they could die with dignity

Arguments against

ɨ There are many pain killing drugs which can help the patient die naturally with dignity

ɨ A patient might not be able to make a rational decision or might change their mind but be incapable of telling the doctors

ɨ Old people may feel they are a nuisance to others and go for euthanasia

ɨ People may recover

ɨ If there were better facilities to care for the dying there would be less need for euthanasia

ɨ Life is a gift from God and only God should take that away

Euthanasia in Australia (pre-15)

In the last decade or so several Australian states and territories have taken action aimed at guaranteeing the right of adult patients of sound mind to direct that extraordinary measures to prolong life be stopped. South Australia passed the Natural Death Act in 18, Victoria the Medical Treatment Act in 188, the Northern Territory the Natural Death Act in 188 and the Australian Capital Territory passed the Medical Treatment Act in 14. NSW issued "interim guidelines" in 1.

Laws affecting Euthanasia

Euthanasia laws are complex and differ from State to State in Australia. The States and Territories, rather than the Commonwealth mainly administer criminal law in Australia. The civil law relating to medical treatment and contract law is relevant.

The States of Victoria and South Australia and the Northern Territory have enacted legislation concerning medical treatment. A Medical Treatment Bill based on the Victorian Act was rejected by the Tasmanian Parliament and the New South Wales government scrapped an earlier proposal to enact legislation based on the South Australia Natural Death Act.

Despite the existence of codes in some States and Territories, the laws relating to murder and manslaughter are similar throughout Australia. Euthanasia is a criminal offence in each Australian jurisdiction (except for the Northern Territory at one stage). Suicide, the intentional taking of ones life is no longer an offence in any Australian jurisdiction except attempted suicide is an offence in the Northern Territory. However it is an offence in all Australian jurisdictions to assist or encourage another to commit or attempt to commit suicide.

Law Concerning Medical Treatment Every competent patient has the right to refuse medical treatment provided they don't do so with the intention of committing suicide. Such a right has been long recognised by the common law. Up until recently it was generally accepted that except as provided in statutes or where treatment is sanctioned by a court, an adult person's consent is necessary for an surgery or other medical treatment on that person. The law had recognised that a surgeon may perform an urgent operation on an unconscious patient who could consent, but this can have some risk of civil action for the doctor.

The Rights of the Terminally III Act 15 (NT)

On the 5th May 15 the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly passed the RTI Act by 15 votes to 10. The legislation originated as a private member's bill introduced into the Northern Territory Legislation Assembly on nd February 15 by the then chief minister of the Northern Territory, Marshall Perron.

The RTI Act allows a doctor to accede to a request from a terminally ill, competent adult patient for assistance in ending the patient's life if specified conditions are satisfied. A doctor who provides such assistance in compliance with this legislation is immune from any civil or criminal action and from any discipline action, provided the doctor has acted in good faith and without negligence. This includes all the other people who have any thing to do with the death of the patient.

If a doctor does choose to comply with a patient's request under the RTI Act, the doctor may prescribe a lethal substance or administering the lethal substance to the patient. The RTI Act authorises both so-called 'physician-assisted suicide' and so-called 'active voluntary euthanasia'. The passage of this legislation made the Northern Territory the first and the only jurisdiction in the world to enact legislation that expressly allows doctors to engage in both physician-assisted suicide and active voluntary euthanasia.

The RTI Act and regulations made under the legislation came into effect on 1st July 16. In it's current form, the legislation incorporates amendments passed on 0th February 16 relating to the number and qualifications of the doctors who must assess a patient requesting assistance under the legislation, and relating to the interpreter provisions of the legislation. At the time of writing, four people are known to have used the RTI Act to obtain a doctor's assistance to end their lives.

Legal Attacks on the Rights of the Terminally III Act 15 (NT)

There have been a number of attempts to overturn or otherwise invalidate the RTI Act since the legislation was passed by the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly.

Opponents of the legislation argued that the governor-general of Australia should exercise his powers under the Northern Territory Act 178 (Cth) and disallow the legislation. The governor-general could have done this within six months of the assent to the legislation by the Administrator of the Northern Territory which occurred on 16th June 15. The governor-general did not use these powers to disallow the legislation. There were attempts in the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly in February, March and August 16 to repel the RTI Act but all these attempts failed.

The Andrew's Bill

The Euthanasia Laws Bill 16 (the Andrews Bill), was introduced into the Federal House of Representatives on th September 16 by Kevin Andrews, a liberal backbencher from Victoria. It passed by a vote of 88 to 5. The Andrew's Bill seeks to take away the power of the legislative assemblies of the Northern Territory, the Australian Capital Territory and Norfolk Island to make laws. With the passing of the Andrew's Bill the Senate was able to overturn the RTI Act.

Three Australia states and territories have seriously considered euthanasia, in each case as a result of private members Bills. The legislative proposals all contained the following elements

1) Means for a person to make a request that he/she be killed

) Matters relating to acknowledge the patients needs (i.e. information about health status and likelihood of recovery)

) Means for a doctor to officially state matters relating to the patient's health status (i.e. that the patient is of sound mind at the time of making the decision and that the patient is suffering from an incurable disease)

4) Details of the circumstances in which it shall be legal to comply with the person's request, including how the killing shall be carried out and by whom

Several issues were raised in regards to the Euthanasia Act, concerning all member of both the Northern Territory and the rest of Australia. Both the pro's and con's had to be considered within these issues. The issues were

1) The Territory rights issue

) The claim that the Bill will lead to legal uncertainty

) The claim that the Northern Territory's Rights of the Terminally III Act would have unacceptable impacts on the Aboriginal community

4) The more general moral, philosophical, ethical and social arguments about euthanasia

5) Individuals rights and choices

6) The dignity

Effects on the Individual and Society

The Commonwealth parliament considered the Rights of the Terminally III Act to represent a basic shift in Australia's ethos and social fabric. It had additional national significance as all Australians could have used the Act. It therefore became not just a matter for the people of the Northern Territory but a matter concerning all Australians. The Commonwealth had the power to intervene in exceptional circumstances than euthanasia as it is an issue that deals with the life and death of Australian citizens.

Aboriginal communities were seen to oppose euthanasia, there was an overwhelming Aboriginal opposition to the Rights of the Terminally III Act. During the inquiry, prior to the passing of the Euthanasia Laws Bill, a major concern emerged about the Northern Territory legislation's impact on the willingness of Aboriginals to access medical services, given their attitudes to euthanasia and western medicine.

Proponents of voluntary euthanasia created argument based on individual rights, autonomy and choice. Those in favour of voluntary euthanasia maintained that the general public overwhelmingly supported its legislation and that such a move would merely bring under stringent control and regulation what in reality is already happening in practice.

Opponents of voluntary euthanasia based their arguments on the sanctity of life, religious beliefs to involuntary euthanasia and the erosion of medical ethics.

Individuals already have the unfettered right to abstain from medical treatment. Suicide is not a crime, although the community spend millions of dollars a year trying to prevent suicide. The Rights of the Terminally III Act does not so much change the law for the patient as it changes the law for the third party (the doctor). What should be illegal for the doctor became legal under the Rights of the Terminally III Act. 6.

Conclusion

In the midst of this debate, bear in mind one simple fact, if the Federal Parliament allowed this law to stand, people would die. Whether the issue is refusing to prolong life mechanically, assisting suicide or active euthanasia, we eventually have to confront societies fears towards death.

Death and dying is not always easy for people to accept but it is an inevitable part of life. However the issues that surround euthanasia are not only about death and dying but are

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( August 001) Its assets are its greatest liabilities. The loans made by the banks'¡Xassets in bankers terms¡Xare mostly nonperforming, a polite term used by the financial community to describe loans in default. State-owned enterprises (SOEs) cannot, or will not, pay back the banks, so today there is a client crisis. What is the extent of the damage that China has inflicted on its banking system?

Don't ask the People's Bank of China, the central bank, if you really want to know. The technocrats at the PBOC, as the institution is known, have been possessive of information, even to the point of hiding the truth from themselves.

At the end of 1, they said that 5 percent of the loans held by the state commercial banks were nonperforming, but no one took that figure seriously. A year later, the PBOC told the world that these banks have unloaded 1. trillion yuan (US$157 billion) of nonperforming loans in 000 pursuant to a government recapitalization plan.

Yet, even after the state commercial banks did so, Beijing's central bankers stated that overdue loans still comprised 5 percent of their portfolios. In other words, the biggest bank recapitalization in China's history had no apparent effect on the health of its banks.

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So what is the real condition of the state commercial banks? Foreign estimates of nonperforming loans at the end of 1 topped out at 70 percent, a figure mentioned by Standard & Poor's as the upper limit. The consensus of estimates actually hovered around 40 percent, but that was certainly too low.

Deutsche Bank, the German financial services giant, concluded in a recent analysis that 50 percent of China's loans were nonperforming, and Standard & Poor's believed that the 50 percent figure was at the low end of the range. The more I knew, the more pessimistic I became, says Johannes Schoeter, head of Deutsche's China operations at the time of the study.

In China's abnormal financial system, Beijing postpones systemic failure by maintaining strong walls around itself.

Today we don't know much about the true condition of the state commercial banks. The best that can be said is that the US$157 billion recapitalization must have reduced the percentage of the nonperforming loans from, say, the 50 percent level to about 0 percent during 000.

In contrast, the overall percentage of nonperforming loans at American banks these days, if loose Chinese standards were applied would be negligible, perhaps even as low as 1 percent.

And how much can Beijing recover from these soured loans? Beijing's technocrats estimate at least 0 percent and maybe 40 percent, but that's delusional. When it comes to banking statistics, China has simply lost its credibility.

Recent foreign estimates put the recovery figure at 10 percent, a figure more consistent with experience in bankruptcies in China. Assume that 0 percent is the correct percentage and the amount of unrecoverable debt in the entire banking system is somewhere in the vicinity of US$40 billion. That's a huge number, but the most frightening aspect of the problem is that no one really knows the true state of China's fragile banking system.

There is no simple answer to finding the level of nonperforming loans among state-owned banks, admits a high-ranking official at one of the largest of them. How can China's economic planners plan when even they are in the dark?

Beijing's senior cadres do not seem to be worrying too much about the situation, though. Premier Zhu Rongji says that the financial institutions are generally in good shape, and deputy auditor general Liu Jiayi of the National Audit Office agrees.

According to our audits, China's banking sector is operating soundly, he assured China in early 000.

China, says Dai Genyou of the PBOC, is solving its banking problems by seeking truth from facts. The facts, as the PBOC sees them, are so much better than they appear to the rest of the world. It's a problem of definition. A country that considers itself democratic also considers that the loans held by its banks are good.

China's loan classification system gives new meaning to the term opportunism Loans that have been in default for years are still classified as performing, as are loans to bankrupt institutions. To its credit, China is improving the loan classification system, but that may not matter much. The really bad loans are merely rolled over every year so that they look fresh on the bank's books.

Those who are serious about knowing the truth view the situation with more gravity. For many observers, the Chinese banking problem is one of the most serious in the world and perhaps the most serious, writes Rudi Dornbusch of MIT and Francesco Giavazzi of Bocconi University.

Only perhaps the most serious? In any free economy, the banks would have failed long ago. In China's abnormal financial system, Beijing postpones systemic failure by maintaining strong walls around itself and limiting real alternatives to the banks. As the central bankers defer solutions, the problems fester and grow even worse.

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International Crisis of 1920's

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1The international crisis of the 10s occurred following the announcement by

the Allied reparations commission. The Allied reparation commission decided

that Germany must pay a sum of billion dollars to Britain and France. In

11 Germany made its first payment of .5 billion dollars under the young

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German republic. But in 1 stated that Germany could not pay the

reparations anymore. Germany was influenced by problems of inflation and

hostility causing political assassinations. This was the beginning of the

crisis which was started by Frances choice to not accept Germanys

announcement. While Britain accepted the troubled times of Germany, Frances

leader Raymond Poicare invaded the Ruhr district, which was the center of

industrial Germany, with their ally Belgium. This was the only way that

France thought their reparations would be paid once again. Germany reacted to

Frances reaction by stopping the industrial work taking place in the Ruhr

district. The steel and coal mines refused to work but only pasively resisted

the French occupation. This then caused more inflation in Germany, but was

not solving any problems for either country. Germany began to print their own

money to help the inflating economy, but did not last long.

While the workers were about 10 percent of the population the class that

suffered the most consequences was the middle class. Many of the middle class

population used the idea of savings, caution, and self-reliance. The middle

class was economically wiped out, and were blaming all those surrounding them

including the Jews, government, and fellow classes of Germany.

Finally, in August of 1 things started to turn for the better. A man named

Gustav Stresemann became leader of the German government. Stresemann ended

the haulted work in the factories, and agreed to start paying the reparations

after re-negotiations. Germany and France both agreed on the conditions with

the help of the United States and Britain. In order to get the reparations

rolling again a committee of financial experts re-examined the reparation

project. The amount Germany payed annually was lowered, and was given private

loans from the U.S. to make the payments. The reparations created a cycling

circle of money from the U.S. to Germany to France and Britain, and finally

making its way back to the U.S. This circle of payments helped bring the

economy up in Germany, but only worked for a minimal time. Another situation

that was resolved was the political boundries of Germany and France. This was

the end of the most serious international crisis of the 10s, and the

beginning of a more stable relationship between the world powers.

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Environmental and Legal Frameworks in the Indian Hospitality Industry

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CHAPTER

ENVIRONMENTAL AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK

.1 INTRODUCTION

In this chapter the researcher would be concentrating on the three broader issues i.e. Provision for physically challenged guests in India; Provision for environmental concerns in India; Provision for contemporary legal concerns in India. Environmental and legal concerns i.e. a framework or a boundary wherein the goals, which are to be achieved, should not harm the environment and must follow the legalities pertaining to it.

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The first being growing need of an accommodation product designed for physically challenged guests and providing them with extra facilities and making their stay comfortable. What measures the hoteliers are taking to satisfy this market segment. The various laws pertaining to the disability and various grading system are stressing that the hotels should be able to accommodate physically handicapped guests and thus giving hotels a better grade. The law in relation to the disabled people is The Persons With Disability Act (PWD) 15.

The second concern is the environment i.e. where the hotel is located, what legal framework it should follow so as not polluting the environment and the work is also done. Also this factor is considered while rating the hotel. There is some kind of social responsibility of the hotel as well and many a time to overshadow some of its weaknesses they carry on such activities. The laws relating to the environment like the Environment (Protection) Act, 186.

The last being the modern legal concerns in India in relation to the above mentioned areas.

. PROVISION FOR PHYSICALLY CHALLENGED GUESTS IN INDIA

The Requirement

We are all created equal, we must design, create, and perform with the mindset of inclusion, not exclusion.

It is estimated that there are 60 millions disabled persons in India with physical disabilities of one form or the other. About 60per cent of disabled persons in India and all over the world suffer from problems of mobility.

(http//www.fhrai.com/Mag-News/newsletlegal.asp#Ban on smoking in restaurants, 1758hrs, 0/08/0)

A design should be barrier- free i.e. removing architectural barriers through the building codes and regulation. The need for accommodation arises from the fact that these days many disabled guest's travel and there is no proper accommodation for them i.e. where their needs can be met.

A person who has a disabled family member, to give him a change from the monotonous life of home, he takes him out for a change but the people around are not able to accept that disabled person and consider him amongst one of them, people comment, and show sympathy but not that place which that person deserves. To give that person an outing away from the regular faces he plans to take him out away from that city. The major concern out here being, do the hotels having facilities for the disabled guests or even if they have are they sufficient.

This situation can have many consequences i.e. they lost on the business, due to lack of provisions; the guest is dissatisfied, the guest by himself also cant come because he has a physically challenged member.

A physically challenged person is one who does not have the ability to see, hear, speak, walk and many others and is not perfect as a normal human being i.e. not being able to perform the tasks.

In areas of transportation there are unisex and separate cloakrooms at airports, railway and bus station for the disabled people, but in terms of hotels, is it enough? No there is a long way to go.

The design of the physical environment should reflect our understanding of the real needs of the disabled.

An accommodation product should be such wherein it fulfills all the necessities for the disabled guests and making that is still another challenge. Very few hotels offer disabled guest a friendly room with wider entrance to accommodate the wheel chair; low-level switches, hand dryers, towels racks and beds; chairlifts and room and hotel information written in simple language.

For hotels the disabled guests serve as an opportunity, as if they have the facilities they will acquire that market segment also otherwise this segment will pose as a threat to them.

The following are the various facilities that a hotelier should have in order to accommodate physically challenged persons

§ A ramp with anti-slip floor and handrails at the entrance of the hotel.

§ Entrance should also have a minimum width of " to allow wheelchair access and other facilities for the physically challenged persons.

§ Public toilets should have facilities for physically challenged persons and one urinal of maximum 4" height in a public rest room

§ It has also been provided that there should be at least one telephone not higher than 4"

§ Exclusively earmarked and sign-posted and accessible parking spaces nearest to entrance.

§ A lift to provide 46 x 48 car platform for easy boarding of a wheel chair with doors of the elevator to provide of clear opening.

§ Door to guestroom to provide width chair opening and 18 clearance on the pull side.

§ A person confined in wheelchair must have an external shower facility.

Facilities for visually handicapped

§ Certain areas should have instructions or signage presented in Braille.

§ Elevator buttons, restrooms, and directional signs are some examples of areas where Braille will be welcomed by guests. Elevators with audible sounds indicating floors will also help visually impaired guests.

§ Guests who are blind will appreciate Braille menus in your property's restaurants, Braille room service menus, and Braille guest service directories in rooms.

§ Front office employees and other guest-service staff should be prepared to read out written information to guests.

(http//disabilityindia.org/dept.cfm, 1600hrs, 0/08/0)

. PROVISION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

Just imagine a hotel with beautiful landscapes and nicely done up, on the cost of the environment i.e. misuse and pollution of water, cutting trees, polluting the air etc. But even after imparting knowledge to the hoteliers many of them still do not follow them.

Hoteliers should utilize the resources in such a manner that they do not pollute the environment. The major areas, which can be looked upon being

§ Housekeeping department, which takes care of the cleanliness of the hotel, and in turn pollute the land in terms of plastic waste and release of non-biodegradable waste.

§ Laundry, which pollutes the land (plastic waste) and water (chemicals in the waste water) and more usage of water.

§ Food and Beverage department deteriorates land (breakage of glass etc.); air (oil and grease vapours); water (excessive use and release of chemicals in waste water).

§ Purchase department, produces lot of plastic waste and defile the land.

§ Engineering department pollutes the air (CFC, emitted from AC's), water (discharge all the waste of the hotel in the drainage which in turn pollutes the water reservoirs).

The hotel can overcome many problems if the following measures are taken

§ If the power factor is maintained, electricity and water consumption /day/guest is monitored and corrective measures are taken accordingly.

§ To reduce adverse environmental impacts the solid linen and waste generated/occupied room/ day.

§ Water, chemicals used per day and then making a report, if its more then reducing the consumption level.

§ Periodic performance measurement of the food and beverage department and establishing a benchmark for the consumption of the resources like water, solid waste generation, and trying to reduce it.

§ Tent cards in the cloakrooms and guest room bathrooms to inform the guest that natural resources are limited and should be consumed properly.

§ Wet and dry garbage should be segregated and accordingly treated.

§ Since there is water shortage in most of the cities, rain water and water treatment plants should be incorporated as in Taj Residency, Aurangabad, so that the wastewater can be recycled and used in the gardens.

§ In the pre design phase of a property a variety of environmental factors must be considered to ensure efficient, effective architecture that achieves the goals.

§ The hotel incorporate recycling program to reduce waste of paper, plastic, cans, and glass.

§ A solar, gas-boosted, hot water system.

§ More trees can be planted to create a balance.

.4 LEGAL FRAMEWORK

There have been various legal issues relating to the disabled people in India and making a place for them in the lodging industry. The key concerns regarding the hotels.

Legislation In Relation To The Disabled

Legislation In Relation To The Environmental issues

§ The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is an effort to anticipate, measure and weigh the socio-economic and biophysical changes that may result from a proposed project.

§ Environment Management System (EMS), it provides a mechanism for a hotel or a restaurant to operate in an environmentally responsible manner, anticipate and meet growing environmental performance expectations, and ensure ongoing compliance with regulatory and legislative requirements.

§ The ISO 14001 standard is designed to enable an organisation establishes an effective environmental system to achieve continual improvement of environmental performance, and establish regulatory and legislative compliance.

.5 CONCLUSION

In today's competitive world where there is cut throat competition and everyone wants to be on the top position, it has become mandatory for them to have something unique in themselves so that the guest is attracted toward them and comes to them only. One part out here is having facilities for the disabled guests so that they can come and the person can capitalize on them and does not loose them.

The other being, following the norms laid down by the government and helping to make the hotel environment friendly and making the guests aware of the fact, that they alos have to stay in the same environment so better use it properly.

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In "Sexual Abuse, Physical Abuse, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among Women Participating in Outpatient Drug Abuse Treatment" Ms. Gil-Rivas, Mr. Fiorentine, and Mr. Anglin discuss the role played by abuse in the success or failure of treatment of drug abuse. There is indication that sexual and physical abuse results in an increased level of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms.

Sexual abuse has been defined as being, "Forced or pressured to perform, or being involved in, any sexual act against the individual's will" (Gil-Rivas, et al). Physical abuse defined as, "being hit or beaten so hard that the individual suffered from cuts or bruises" (Gil-Rivas, et al). These definitions included family members, acquaintances, and strangers and were used for assessment.

Women in outpatient treatment programs for alcohol and substance abuse are more often to be victims of sexual abuse from family, acquaintances, and strangers than are men. Women are more often sexually abused as children as well as during adulthood. Men generally have a decline in the abuse at the onset of puberty. The physical abuse of women often occurs by family members, and acquaintances with less frequent physical abuse taking place by strangers. Men, however, are more often physically abused by family and strangers.

Those women who have entered into drug treatment with symptoms of PTSD also show signs of other mental illness symptoms including depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, and low self-esteem. These symptoms are signs that could signify a higher rate of relapse. Women with sexual and physical abuse histories have a higher likelihood of entering treatment and if secondary symptomology is treated, then there is a greater success of participation in the treatment process.

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There is research to support that those who have had trauma often do not develop skills to manage events of trauma, psychological stress, or life experiences. One of the methods used by abuse survivors is frequently substance abuse. This abuse of drugs often leads to increased psychological stress and increased symptomology of other mental illnesses. There is an important influence on the treatment process brought by sexual and physical abuse. The nature of the trauma could result in the women being labeled as difficult to treat because these women have difficulty following treatment plans and may drop out of the recovery. Additionally, victimization results in PTSD symptomology and may radically increase the chance of relapse.

To increase the chance of success of treatment, assessing for and creating delivery systems to manage PTSD, physical abuse, and sexual abuse may need to become routine practices in substance abuse treatment programs. Additionally, training and implementations of clinical programs to mitigate these complications could increase treatment success. Drug treatment programs are beginning to receive pressure from clinicians to increase the alternative treatment modalities to women with abuse histories and PTSD symptomology in order to meet the needs of these women.

I find this article to be informative but not new information. I believe that there is much information here that has been seen in other research and is practiced in many parts of the country today. I agree with the information presented here. I think that there is a great deal of evidence that drug use is often a result of "self-medication" to reduce psychological pain associated with victimization.

I am discouraged that the clients interviewed here were paid for their participation. I feel that one of the main jobs of intake workers is to get sufficient histories that this information would be readily available. There should be standard questions associated with abuse and victimization in the intake process. A lack of this indicates to me that the workers are not adequately trained.

I have a history of sexual, physical, and psychological abuse and I have used both drugs and alcohol to ease my pain. My cessation of substance abuse resulted in my awareness of my own mental illness. It is for this reason that I feel that if a treatment program is designed to provide complete recovery care, the issue of victimization would be addressed early in the intake process. The entire procedure involved in entering treatment is traumatic and without properly trained clinicians, individuals could be further victimized.

Overall, I believe that this article presents the facts in a manner that will be beneficial to those in the field that are unaware of the relation between abuse and substance use. I hope that this will act to encourage further training and alteration of programs to improve the treatment of addicts who have abuse histories.

Gil-Rivas, Virginia, M.A., Robert Fiorentine, Ph. D., and M. Douglas Anglin, Ph.D.

"Sexual Abuse, Physical Abuse, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among

Women Participating in Outpatient Drug Abuse Treatment". Journal of

Psychoactive Drugs, 8 (1). Pgs. 5-. http//mvcc.blackboard.com/courses/1/HS41/content/_754_1/dir_HS41_course_Documents.zip/Gil-Rivas.pdf

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Theatre olympiad

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Theatre olympiad. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Theatre olympiad paper right on time.

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Theatre Olympiad Lori Davidson

Game 1

Name of Game Objective/game basis Props

Needed Rules of Play Physical activity Scoring

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Light focus and vocabulary Students will label the different parts of an ellipsoidal reflector spotlight. Once they have correctly labeled the lighting instrument, they will then focus the light to a certain marked area. Once completed the next person will go. 4 ERS lights.

Labels made with ERS vocabulary.

Marked area for light to focus to. The students will be timed to see how long it takes them to label the light. Once the light is labeled they will be timed to see how long it takes them to focus the light. They must have all answers right before they move on. The light focus will be the physical activity. Students will receive 10 pts for a time under thirty seconds. At either event. Students will receive

8 pts. for a time under 45 seconds.

6 points for a time under one minute. 4 pts. for a time under one minute fifteen seconds. And 4 pts for finishing the event. 5 pts. bonus for the fastest score at both.

Game

Name of Game Objective/game basis Props

Needed Rules of Play Physical activity Scoring

Costume change Students will answer questions about costume history.

They will look at the costumes and decide what era they are from. They will then participate in a timed costume change. Models

Costumes from different eras.

Paper and pencils Students will observe the models in there costumes and write the era which the costume is from. Students will choose one model and help redress them into another costume. They must have all parts of the costume on the model and the other costume hung correctly on the hanger before the timer will be stopped. Students will receive one point for each correct era. The timing will be the same for the costume change as is in the light focus game.

Game

Name of Game Objective/

game basis Props

Needed Rules of Play Physical activity Scoring

Directing exercise Students will review directing/ blocking vocabulary, and then put it to use in a scene. Quiz sheet on directions.

Scripts with blocking written in them.

volunteer actors. Students will be given a quiz with questions on blocking a scene.

Once they have completed the quiz they will take a script that has blocking written in it and give the stage directions to the actors. They will be graded on their ability to give proper blocking instructions, using the proper dialogue and vocabulary. Blocking of the scene. Each correct answer on the quiz earns 1 point.

Students will receive pts. for each correct instruction in the blocking.

Please note that this sample paper on Theatre olympiad is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Theatre olympiad, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Theatre olympiad will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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