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The early twentieth century saw the escalation of war and the rise of totalitarian regimes hidden beneath the ideology of socialism. The earlier part of the century had seen the first global war which ultimately led to the Russian revolution in 117. World War I had made apparent Russia's industrial, technological, and administrative ineptitude. After the deaths of several million Russians as casualties of war, the people demanded an end to Russia's participation in the war. This, coupled with severe rationing of food, led ultimately to demonstrations, strikes, and the forced abdication of the Russian Tsar. A provisional government, headed by the Duma, eventually led to a civil war and Lenin's rise to power. After his death, power struggles between Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky resulted in Trotsky's expulsion from the country and Stalin's own reign of terror. Such was the world to which George Orwell, author of Animal Farm, alluded in his satire on the Russian revolution and the ills of misguided socialism.
It is through the main characters such as Old Major, Mr. Jones, Snowball, and Napoleon that Orwell exposes his political treatise. It is through Mr. Jones, the farmer who originally owns Manor Farm, that the evils of capitalism are exemplified. In the book, he epitomizes the moral decline of men under a capitalistic society. On the farm, the animals live a subservient life dedicated wholly to the benefit of man with little regard or care for the animals themselves. The animals see themselves as dejected and oppressed. Jones, seen as losing his edge, also exemplifies Czar Nicholas II and the old Russian government. Old Major, one of the oldest pigs on the farm and an obvious metaphor for Karl Marx himself, was widely respected among his fellow animals and was considered a kind, grandfatherly figure. He states, "Man is the only creature that consumes without producing. He does not give milk, he does not lay eggs…Yet he is lord of all the animals. He sets them to work, he gives back to them the bare minimum that will prevent them from starving and the rest he keeps for himself" (). Consequently, it is Old Major who first proposes a solution to the animals' plight when he inspires a rebellion. It is curious to note the animals' inability to adequately analyze their present situation and their degree of contempt towards their previous life under capitalist administration. The narrator states, "If they had no more food than they had had in Joness day, at least they did not have less. The advantage of only having to feed themselves…was so great that it would have taken a lot of failures to outweigh it. And in many ways the animal method of doing things was more efficient and saved labour" (75).
After the rebellion, the pigs establish themselves as the natural leaders owing to their ability to read, write, and rationalize. Two major characters arise from the tumult, Napoleon and Snowball. Napoleon, representing Stalin, is the chief villain in the book and exemplifies the pitfalls of revolutionthat the fundamentals of socialism, although in and of themselves good, can never be wholly realized due to man's fallibility. Although initially wholesome, Napoleon becomes preoccupied with greed and power leading ever more precariously to corruption. "Somehow it seemed as though the farm had grown richer without making the animals themselves any richerexcept, of course, for the pigs and the dogs (1). Stalin, although originally desiring to retain socialism's fundamentals, came to ultimately reject them. Snowball, however, excellently characterized Trotsky, who in the early days of the rebellion closely resembled Napoleon. Both struggled to gain leadership and as a consequence, argued constantly. These two disagreed at every point where disagreement was possible…Each had his own following, and there were some violent debates (6). Snowball devised a plan to construct a windmill as a means to provide electricity and therefore create heat, warm water, and power to use farming equipment; but as always, Napoleon opposed him. The struggle for preeminence between Leon Trotsky and Stalin emerges in the rivalry between Snowball and Napoleon. Napoleon had been premeditating Snowball's expulsion for quite some time, since he had removed nine dogs from their mothers with the idea of training and establishing a private police force. The discussion over the windmill gave Napoleon the perfect opportunity which he promptly seized and Snowball was thence cast out of Animal Farm. The parallels between Stalin and Trotsky are all too obviousStalin, wary of Trotsky and his supporters, had exiled Trotsky to Mexico and was later assassinated by the Russian internal police, the NKVD. The purges and show trials with which Stalin eliminated his enemies and solidified his political base find expression in the book as the false confessions and executions of animals whom Napoleon distrusts following the collapse of the windmill. These events lead to Napoleon's further subjugation and manipulation of his "comrades."
Orwell excellently portrays the effect of propaganda and its ability to manipulate and control the population through the character Squealer, who "could turn black into white" (6). Squealer, like Stalin's propaganda, was the integral link between the pig leadership and the other animals. He is able to mask the pigs' intentions through coercion, thus squelching their resistance. In the book, Napoleon defies one of Animalism's (the philosophical name for the animals' new society) commandments, "Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy" (4), and engages in trade with a Mr. Whymper. "Afterwards Squealer made a round of the farm and set the animals minds at rest" (77).
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Napoleon and the other pigs eventually usurp all the power and ironically the other animals end up in a plight equal or worse than with Mr. Jones. However, "as for the others, their life, so far as they knew, was as it had always been…Sometimes the older ones among them racked their dim memories and tried to determine whether in the early days of the Rebellion, when Joness expulsion was still recent, things had been better or worse than now. They could not remember" (1). The pigs begin to walk on two feet and, as the ultimate example of Orwell's underlying treatise and the ability of the few to corrupt a noble philosophy, the most widely revered commandment, "all animals are equal" (4), is changed to "all animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others" (1). Ironically, in the end, it is the pigs who eventually adopt their human counterpart's follies, turning the rebellion upon itself and resulting in the sense that everything had been for naught.
Although Orwell believed strongly in socialist ideals (viii), he felt that the Soviet Union realized these ideals in a terribly perverse form. The most powerful ironies derived from the depiction of the corruption of Animalist ideals by those in power. The book serves not so much to condemn tyranny or despotism as to indict the horrifying hypocrisy of tyrannies that base themselves on, and owe their initial power to, ideologies of liberation and equality. The gradual disintegration and perversion of the Seven Commandments illustrates this hypocrisy with vivid force, as do Squealers elaborate philosophical justifications for the pigs blatantly unprincipled actions. Thus, his book critiques the violence of the Stalinist regime against the human beings it ruled, and also points to Soviet communisms violence against human logic, language, and ideals.
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