Comparison/Contrast essay

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When most people think of a hero, they often visualize a sports figure. While this fulfills the idea that a hero is a person who embodies the most important attributes of a culture, often people fail to take into account the price young athletes pay for this temporal fame. John Updike and A. E. Housman explore the ideas of fame, failure, and fate in their poetry; their two poems "Ex Basketball Player" and "To An Athlete Dying Young" share a common theme; however, they diverge when considering their tone.

The theme of both poems centers around the idea that athletic fame is important but fleeting and short-lived. In "Ex Basketball Player" the narrator says that Flick "bucketed three hundred ninety points/A county record still." These lines establish Flick as a local hero who has brought fame to his town. The unnamed athlete in "To An Athlete Dying Young" is said to have "won [his] town the race" and the townspeople "chaired [him] through the marketplace." Like Flick, he was a local hero who brought renown to his village. The moments of fame are intense for the heroes and make them immortal in the lore of their respective towns.

This fame, however, does not last as an athlete grows older or dies. In "Ex Basketball Player" Flick either never succeeds in a career in sports or never pursues it after high school; content instead to work at a gas station. "He never learned a trade, he just sells gas." Flick's life peaked in high school; he cannot aspire to anything greater. His fame has faded, and he is now reduced to being an athletic has-been. The athlete in Housman's poem does not live to realize his potential as a runnerdying before his name is forgotten, "eyes the shady night has shut/Cannot see the record cut." Both heroes fail to become the superstars their early careers promised.

Updike and Housman use different tones in expressing the feeling of the two poems. The speaker in Updike's poem is objective and detached as he describes Flick's fate. "Flick seldom says a word to Mae, just nods/Beyond her face toward bright applauding tiers/Of Necco Wafers, Nibs, and Juju Beads." No judgment is given about Flick's life. The speaker's description of Flick's diminished life lets the reader know that even though Flick is no longer a star; he is a survivor who has adjusted to his limited fame. On the other hand, Housman's tone in "To An Athlete Dying Young" is pessimistic and bitter about the unfairness of life. "Smart lad, to slip betimes away/From fields where glory does not stay." Here, the speaker infers that all athletic effort is in vain and that any record set by an athlete is destined to be surpassed sooner or later.

Both "Ex Basketball Player" and "To An Athlete Dying Young" contain the bittersweet theme that athletic honors fade. Yet the tone of each poem adjusts to the circumstances which caused the honors to fade lack of determination for Flick and death for the runner. Both poems celebrate and mourn the intervention of fate in the life of each of these unfortunate players.

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How might a luxury cosmetic manufacturer of a new range of perfume use a decision process approach to better understand how consumers purchase the product?

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How might a luxury cosmetic manufacturer of a new range of perfume use a decision process approach to better understand how consumers purchase the product?

Introduction

Selecting perfume is a rather prejudiced process. Given that a brand and its image are highly respected internationally, the acquisition for its newly launched perfume depends upon an individuals preference of scent. Waiting for consumers to approach, test and smell, be satisfied and pay for it is neither desirable nor affordable. A marketer certainly has some more to do. The following paragraphs illustrate how a marketer of a luxury cosmetic, from defining his target customers to understanding their consumption decision-making patterns, develop and implement a rewarding marketing strategy.

Assumption

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Assumptions are made on a luxury cosmetic brand and its new range of perfume targeting a new segment in Hong Kong market. Estee Launder, having historically represented an impeccable quality taste and style, shares its expensive and elegant image with its consumers who are mature, feminine and attractive. A new range of perfume, namely, White Linen, and its extended product line of Body Crème and Bath and Shower Gel is to be launched. The target customers are, unlike its usual ones, young and adaptive office ladies. As such, a separate advertising and marketing strategy is adopted. Being a marketer promoting the captioned product range, it requires him to appreciate how people make their purchase and consumption decisions. A Consumer Decision Process (CDP) model (also known as EBM model) (Blackwell, Miniard & Engel, 000) is employed to ensure the efforts of marketing strategy will not be wasted.

Understanding the product

The acquisition for perfume is based on selective need recognition as it is usually regarded as a non-necessity item comprising differentiated brands in the market. The Estee Launder's White Linen enjoys its strong brand equity as well as well established sales channels. It is considered as a high-involvement product because it gives benefits to those who are conscious about their self-images. Estee Launder has created this feminine scent, which possesses a blend of lily, rose, jasmine and Indian tuberose, epitomizes the woman who is calm, smart and charming. The White Linen is recommended for office wear and its price is set on the high side, making it an integral part of the expensive Estee Lauder.

Understanding the customers

As suggested by Kolter and Armstrong, marketing nowadays stresses on consumer care (Kotler & Armstrong, 1). To understand why and how women choose perfume is vital. Selecting a suitable perfume includes seeing, smelling as well as testing. A preferred choice is made according to an individual's personality, characteristics and her mood state. A successful perfume advertising campaign will attract woman's attention by the design of advertisement, its message delivered and the perception of the association. The selection of perfume is intuitive, personal but prejudiced. Young, dynamic and adaptive office ladies, who perceive themselves as confident and assertive professionals, are the target customers for the White Linen range.

Understanding Consumer Decision Making Process

The marketer focuses on the seven stages of the EBM model to see how various factors can influence each stage of consumers?decision.

1st stage Need Recognition

Marketers cannot create needs, but activate their consumers?awareness of their needs (Blackwell, Miniard & Engel, 000). The marketer discovers that the popularity of some luxury items such as LV handbag, Burberry scarf, Ferragamo shoes are rapidly dominated as office ladies?"uniform?in the commercial areas. These items, being affordable, relate them to a higher social status image, giving them the benefits of confidence as well as vainglory. By adopting the similar philosophy, the marketer, in order to activate the consumers?need recognition, create the White Linen product image as a synergy between energy and calm, independent and attractive, appealing to young office ladies who strike hard to earn a bright career future. The marketer subtly influences consumers how they perceive their actual state to experience greater need recognition for Estee Lauder's White Linen. This includes the selection of a convincing product spokesperson. In the Hong Kong market, Miss Flora Chan would be a perfect choice. A -year old celebrity, Miss Chan has successfully established a look-of-today professional image. Her ingratiating roles playing as barrister, doctor and successful business woman in the TV series are mostly agreed by her audiences. The marketer emphasizes on the association of Miss Chan's the-look-of-today image with the White Linen so as to stimulate the consumers desire for acquiring the product.

nd stage Information Search

The marketer understands that if the efforts made in the Need Recognition stage reciprocate, the potential consumers will begin search internally and externally. Estee Launder, renowned for its cosmetic products, is a top tier brand recognized internationally on its good quality and product images. The existing consumers will be assured of the White Linen's quality by retrieving their knowledge from their memory. For those consumers who are not knowledgeable on cosmetic brands may wish to proceed with external search on decision-relevant information.

The marketer understands that promotional efforts should be focused on areas most likely to be searched by target consumers. The prestigious brand name of Estee Lauder is not a question to ask. White Linen, however, being a personal and prejudiced choice of commodity, will not be acquired unless there is a trial on its scent. The marketer realizes that the potential customers tend to be curious to learn the White Linens scent, a trial sample will be provided with its printed advertisement placing on some popular female magazines such as Elle, Vogue, Jessica and Marie Clarie. This will provide the potential customers a chance to feel the fragnance. The marketer however notices that, price, especially on the high side, often serves as a barrier for further consideration - is also advertised, some potential customers tend to become passer-bys. However, if the seeing-smelling-testing selection experience can be exposed to the potential customers prior to the mentioning of its price, there is a greater chance of making the deal. From understanding what information the consumers tend to search, the marketer highlights the benefits that White Linen can provide i.e. projecting a confident and better self-image.

rd stage Pre-Purchase Evaluation

The marketer alerts that the upper-end perfume market is dominated by a few major cosmetic players and some famous fashion brands which diversified into developing cosmetic and fragnance products under their own brands. It increases the competitiveness within the captioned market. Nevertheless, perfume wearing is subject to the mood state, occasion as well as seasons, it is not unusual that a female has her three to six different brands and different scent perfume in her bathroom.

The marketer realizes that there are a number of alternatives available in the market, yet the consumers would find impossible to consider all of them. Rather, liked alternatives may be considered and compared. Consumers extremely loyal to Estee Lauder will have this particular brand in their consideration. The less knowledgeable consumers can, however, be affected by the retail environment. By adopting the image advertising approach, printed advertisements should be carefully designed so as to stay in line with the product image.

4th stage Purchase

White Linen remains in its well-established counters in some exclusively selected department stores such as Lane Crawford, Seibu and Wing On. There is a consumers tendency to match one self-image with that of the store. The marketer assumes its consumers will enjoy a peaceful, quiet and free atmosphere to purchase. The location of the above-mentioned department stores will provide them an opportunity to feel the store ambience. The marketer encourages the potential customers to proceed with their purchase decision by offering some enticing free gifts and samples packs. Different package sizes provide the benefit of easy selection. Women (users) who buy perfume for themselves may wish to buy a larger bottle for daily wear purpose; men (buyer) buy perfumes for their beloved may wish to buy a small but romantic bottle with elegant and festive packing for gift giving on special occasions. The retail/counters offer EPS and generally acceptable credit cards to ease the payment methods.

Having defined the targeted segment and having understood their lifestyles, the marketer expects that the Estee Lauder's sales personnel should possess good products and customer knowledge. Providing additional information and realistic expectation about perfume choice will add credits on their trust-worthiness. Chances can be made on teaching the consumers how much to apply and where to apply White Linen to feel the unintended and unique feminine scent. The marketer believes such efforts will enhance the product image and win loyalty. Sales personnel sometimes meet consumers, who fall within the target consumer category, intend to buy other cosmetic product. By a polite asking and a friendly explaining, the sales personnel simply refresh the consumers memory of the White Linen image. A reasonably adequate of sales assistance provided is considered appropriate. A fussy, over-enthusiastic salesperson may spoil the image of this high-end cosmetic product.

5th stage Consumption

As suggested earlier, White Linen is recommended for office wear. The marketer knows that the frequency of wearing White Linen is high. In considering the busy working lifestyle of the consumers, the marketer suggests that a package size of 15ml Eau de Parfum Spray be included so that the consumers can place them in their handbags for convenient use. It is also understood that generally the consumers wear the perfume in the morning, before going to work. A second chance to wear the perfume may be midday for enhancing purpose.

The marketer is aware that girls happen to be embarrassed by double-wearing, same-occasion situations. By adopting the leading perfume tester Mr. Ernest Beauxs philosophy - "A woman must smell like a woman, and not like a rose? to educate the consumers that the same perfume applying to different individuals may result different and unique feminine scents. This will reinforce the consumers beliefs in the product and its benefits during the consumption process.

6th stage Post-Consumption Evaluation

The marketer believes that consumers will experience anxieties about their purchase decision if the price is high. The marketer reiterates the consumers right choice by some follow up sales efforts like keeping them posted of the latest product range and giving away samples. A more gratifying effort is the retaining adamant of the price - no drastic price reduction should happen in the White Linen series. The otherwise effect may include the consumers blacklisting Estee Lauders products in future.

7th stage Divestments

The marketer appreciates that marketing process continues until the disposal stage. The disposal decisions may affect the purchase decisions because disposal also means acquisition for replacement. The marketer finds that it is interesting to note that some consumers tend not to finish the whole bottle but acquire a replacement, while some other consumers tend to collect perfume bottles. Considerations can be given to a special bottle design. An empty but elegant perfume bottle reminds the consumers of Estee Lauders White Linen.

Conclusion

In understanding the consumer behaviour as well as their purchase decision process, the marketer all the possible efforts to fulfil their consumption needs. The efforts are summarized as in the following To activate the consumers need recognition by making aware of the discrepancy exists between the actual state and the desired image; to implement right promotional efforts based on the areas consumers tend to search; to enhance retail/counter image for the less knowledgeable consumers; to train the sales personnel to represent the brand and the product image; to design the package and size in a way to suit the pattern and frequency of consumption; to eliminate the chance of cognitive dissonance by public relations; and to have an exquisite design of the perfume bottle will reminding repeat purchase.

Bibliography

Blackwell R., Miniard P. & Engel J., Consumer Behaviour, th ed., Dryden

Kotler P. & Armstrong G. 1, Principles of Marketing, 8th ed., Prentice-Hall, New Jersey

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Checks!

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I woke up in a very strange place, one I don't recognize. I was in a long white gown, and I had no shoes on. The room I was in was very plain, and had only a bed. It looked like a hospital, and I had no idea why I would be there, so I figured it was a dream. I went back to my bed and went back to sleep. The next thing I heard was

"Checks," the lady called, "Time to wake up Corena".

"Checks?" I replied. "What are checks and why am I in this place?"

"Don't be silly," the lady told me. "You came in her last night, you don't remember?"

"No...." I responded.

I took a moment right then to think about why I was here. All I could remember was being at a party and having a great time. But then I remember my boyfriend Josh coming, and we had a fight. I thought I had just gone home after?

I looked down at my body and searched for any bruises any anything that might bring to a conclusion for why I am here. There was a bandage around my wrist. I didn't try to kill myself did I? This can't be happening! I couldn't remember how I did this, I must have been really drunk.

"Corena, its time to get up!" The lady said quite firmly. "Its time to come out for breakfast and take your meds."

Meds? Does that mean medications? I am not a crazy person!

I got up from my bed, and slowly walked over to the door, still confused about the whole ordeal. The lady introduced herself to me,

"Hi, my name is Joanne, and I will be your nurse for today, and the majority of your stay here at Sick Kids," she told me.

"All right," I answered. "But wait, my stay? How long will I be here for?"

"That all depends on you Corena," Joanne said. "But usually kids stay here for around a month."

A MONTH! I cannot stay here for a month! What will my friends think? What will Josh think? This cant be happening to me.

"Corena...Corena...Corena!" Joanne yelled.

"Yes, sorry Miss....I um....I was just day dreaming I guess," I answered. I was really out of it, they must have given me some medications when I came in. I feel really dazed, and unaware of things.

I was at the breakfast table, sitting with about 7 other girls, and other boys. I looked around at everyone, and noticed that this wasn't a very happy place. The girl sitting beside me was breaking apart her food into very small pieces and eating them very slowly. She also was trying to hide some of it in here clothing. I guessed that she was Anorexic right away. I thought it was very sad to see this. The boy on the other side of me was not eating anything, instead he was rearranging the food on his tray into very specific piles, which was quite odd to me. I noticed a lot of strange things that people were doing in here, and it made me feel somewhat uncomfortable. So I stood up, and started to walk away, back to my room.

"Corena!" One of the nurses called. "You must sit here until we are all done. If your not hungry, than here are your meds, you can go get a glass of water."

"Um, that's okay, I don't need any meds, I just feel like sleeping right now," I replied.

"I'm sorry Corena, but you must take these meds, they are doctors orders," she explained. "And going back to bed is not an option dear."

I guess I really had nothing to say after that, so I just sat back down. Joanne came over to where I was sitting, and gave me a little cup with different capsules in it. I stared at the cup for awhile, and finally took the medication out of the cup into my hand.

"Don't take it!" Yelled one of the patients. "Its gonna kill you!"

"What?" I replied with hesitation.

"Corena, these meds are simply to relax you and make you feel better." She replied. "Adam has a fear of pills, that's all".

I took all of the pills, and Joanne asked me to look into my mouth after. I guess they have to monitor everyone to see if they actually swallow them.

After breakfast we all went to the recreation area, where there was a TV, a Play Station, a computer, and lots of arts and crafts. At the back of the room, there were 5 very large windows that viewed the whole interior of the hospital. I went over and looked down at all the commotion.

That's when it hit me that I was actually admitted in a hospital. I have to get out of here, this is not where I belong! At that point at left the recreation area, and went back to my room, which was not allowed at this time, but I had to leave this skitso ward. I got to my room, and before you knew it, Joanne was in my room too.

"Don't you get any privacy around here! Geeez, I left for minutes and you are already chasing me. I am not a screw up, its a mistake that I am even here! I'm leaving right now, and you cannot stop me Joanne." I yelled, with about the most rage I have ever used.

"I know your upset Corena, but this is a safe place. And this is where your going to be for the next month or two. You and your parents signed you in here last night, so you are under our care now. I'm sorry dear. Now come with me, you have Group Therapy now.

"Group Therapy?" I replied. "You MUST be joking me right?

And if things couldn't get any worse, she was not joking. I had to sit in a room with all the kids, and have a Group Therapy class. I didn't speak the whole time. Instead I just sat there listening to the Therapist ask questions to everyone. Then she got to me. It was my first session, and she already knew all about me it seemed. How does everyone all of a sudden think they now your life story when I have been in here for under 1 hours. This is insane.

"Corena, you don't have to feel uncomfortable here, this is a safe haven. Nobody will judge you." The Therapist told me.

"Well, I just don't think its anyone's business to why I am here. And nobody should be forced to talk if they don't want to."

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Mysterious great outdoors

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Mysterious Great Outdoors

A constant rustling of leaves with no sight of life with the birds appearing and disappearing swiftly into thin air fulfill nature yet at the same time have you ponder the way nature and the great outdoors work. The motion of the trees sway with the constant motion of the wind which eventually persuades hundreds of brown, yellow, red, and orange leaves to fall to the ground and virtually form a cover atop the water in the pool.

The mixture of grass and leaves give off a crunching sound when disturbed which allows you to know when you are no longer alone. Sitting at the picnic table, back towards the house and facing the woods that occupy what seems to be the world beyond my fence. Eventually all five of my senses are strictly devoted to nature and I become oblivious to the world that is literally behind me. I smell the moist leaves and winds, I feel the brisk wind blowing through my clothes, I taste the bitter sweet fall temperatures, I hear the squirrels rustling in the woods along with the birds calling to their mates and lastly I see the most magnificent mystery ever, the great outdoors.

When walking outside knowing that I was going to sit and stare at nature I expected nothing but to open mindedly pondering about anything and everything. The anticipation of boredom was absent from my mind due to the fact that sitting alone outside is one of the most relaxing things that I do; except most of the time I am sitting outside at night looking up at the stars. It amazes me to know that one can pacify themselves without any kind of artificial entertainment, being the computer, telephone, or television.

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There was nothing boring about what went on in my backyard. Many, many thoughts that realistically made no sense what so ever. Thoughts about family, life it's self, school, the world occupied my hour outside. My mom let my dog outside and that occupied me even more due to the fact that another animal could sit outside as well and just look around at the world. Boredom, no; amazement, definitely.

I had an hour to sit and think about anything and everything, but before long time became insignificant. I had only one deep thought that made sense by the time I was through. My parents didn't quite understand what I was doing alone outside and while I was out there I had the chance to think. The solution that I came up with is that most people, my parents included, run through life with blinders on. The same blinders that horses wear to keep them from seeing something that would startle them, I believe that the majority of people wear them throughout life. If you take a step back and think deeply and slowly you realize and ponder about simple things that ordinarily you wouldn't think twice about; one may realize how they may not treat people the right way or how happy you would have made that cashier in the store, that you were inadvertently rude to for no reason except that you were in a rush, if you would have taken the second just to ask how their day was going.

Please note that this sample paper on mysterious great outdoors is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on mysterious great outdoors, we are here to assist you. Your essay on mysterious great outdoors will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Glass Menagerie: You can run, but you cant hide.

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"You Can Run, but You Can't Hide"

If one chooses not to face reality, it will soon become a "slap in the face" in many ways, which is a major theme portrayed in The Glass Menagerie, by Tennessee Williams. The play was published in 144 and was originally titled The Gentleman Caller. The characters in The Glass Menagerie each have another life they want to lead, yet none but one could actually go face to face with reality and step out into the "real world." There were attempts made by other characters, but they always came back and couldn't adapt to change. It seems that Williams believes that many American families suffer from this fear of change. He hints this idea throughout the play with various symbols. Many of the symbols used in the play lead to some form of escape or difference between reality and illusion.

The Glass Menagerie takes place in an old apartment in St. Louis, Missouri.

The Wingfield apartment is in the rear of the building, one of those vast hive-like conglomerations of cellular living-units that flower as warty growths in overcrowded urban centers of lower middle-class population and are symptomatic of the impulse of this largest and fundamentally enslaved section of American society to avoid fluidity and differentiation and to exist and function as one interfused mass of automatism.(I,i,48)

Across the street from the old building a nightclub called "Paradise Dance Hall." The family's apartment could be considered the exact opposite of "paradise". The actual apartment the Wingfields live in faces and alley way, symbolizing their isolation from the rest of the world. It is entered by a fire escape, a structure whose name is a touch of accidental truth, for all of these huge buildings are burning with the slow and implacable fires of human desperation.(I,i, 48) The family who occupies the apartment is not wealthy, and the members of the family want to be somewhere else; their own "paradise." Even the set location in Missouri is a hint of how the family lives. Missouri sounds like misery.

The first symbol, presented in the first scene, is the fire escape. This represents the bridge between the illusory world of the Wingfields and the world of reality. This bridge seems to be a one way passage. But the direction varies for each character. For Tom, the fire escape is the way out of the world of Amanda and Laura and an entrance into the world of reality. For Laura, the fire escape is a way into her world; a way to escape from reality. Both examples can easily be seen Tom will stand outside on the fire escape to smoke, showing that he does not like to be inside, to be a part of the illusionary world. Laura, on the other hand, thinks of the fire escape as a way in and not a way out. This can be seen when Amanda sends Laura to go to the store; Laura trips on the fire escape. This also shows that Lauras fears and emotions greatly affect her physical condition, more so than normal people. Her fears make her condition worse. She won't allow herself to heal.

The main characters in the play are the Amanda, and her grown-up children Tom and Laura. They are the three that live in the apartment. Amandas husband, Mr. Wingfield, left his family for the military. We find this out by reading the text before the first scene begins.

A blown up photograph of the father hangs on the wall of the living room, to the left of the archway. It is the face of a very handsome young man in a doughboy's First World War cap. He is gallantly smiling, ineluctably smiling, as if to say "I will be smiling forever." (I,i, 4)

Tom is working at a warehouse earning eighty-five dollars a month. He hates his job, but has to earn money to support his mother and sister. Hes not happy with his life, and would rather do something completely different. He dreams of going from a slow paced, gentle life to a fast paced life like his father's. Tom doesnt like to stay at home. He goes out every night drinking and to the movie theater. Tom doesnt like the way Amanda always tells him what to do. All he wants is for his mother to leave him alone.

Laura is a very shy young woman. She is disabled because of a limp when she walks, and because of that, she has no self-confidence whatsoever. She cant see how any decent man would like to marry her. The most important things in Lauras life are some old records that belonged to her father, and her collection of glass figures. Laura is depressed due to her inability to change her life. Shes afraid to go out in the real world alone, and she doesnt dare to talk to other people. Her way of escaping is to listen to all the old records and play with her glass figures. She was supposed to go to business school to attempt a new life, but when she got there, she couldn't handle the drastic change. Instead of going to school she would go to the zoo and observe the animals. She enjoys places like the museum and the zoo because they can not hurt her; they aren't judgmental or harsh like human beings in society. Laura relates to the animals in that she and her family are caged in just as they are because of poverty.

Amanda, their mother, is not happy about the way her life turned out to be. When she was young, she had "gentleman callers" coming over every day. She loves to tell stories from her youth. She was a prosperous young woman who believed shed live happily for the rest of her life. But fate wanted it different. The man she chose left her, and she had to take care of the children all by herself. Now the only thing she wants is for her daughter to get married. She wants Laura to live the life she wanted for herself. Amanda always believed her life would turn out well, but it didnt. Her way of escaping real life is to think about and to tell stories from her life as a young girl, when everything seemed possible.

Amanda recalls, "One Sunday afternoon in the Blue Mountainyour mother receivedseventeen!gentleman callers! Why, sometimes there weren't chairs enough to accommodate them all. We had to send the nigger over to bring in folding chairs from the parish house." (I,i, 50)

Amanda wants Laura to get married, but no "gentleman callers" seem to come her way. Amanda talks Tom into inviting one of his colleagues home for dinner to meet Laura. Jim OConnor, Tom's friend and co-worker, says yes to the invitation and shows up at the Wingfields apartment for dinner. What Tom and Amanda dont know is that Laura and Jim went to high school together, and that Laura had a crush on him back then. When Jim arrives, and Laura sees who it is, she doesnt want to talk to him because she is embarrassed in a way. Jim doesnt recognize Laura at first, but when they start talking, it comes to him who she is.

As already mentioned, Jim also works at the warehouse. He doesnt like his job either, but tries to make the best out of it. Hes taken classes in conversation, and has learned a lot about human psychology. He she represses herself from everyone else. He states, "You know what I judge to be the trouble with you? Inferiority complex! Know what that is? That's what they call it when someone low-rates himself! I understand it because I had it, too. Although my case was not so aggravated as your seems to be." (I,vii, 78) After listening to Jim for a while, Laura understands that it might make sense.

figure; a unicorn. Because the unicorn has a horn on his forehead, hes different from the other glass figures that are regular horses, which is why it is so special to Laura. While dancing with Laura, Jim accidentally bumps in to the table where the unicorn is. The unicorn falls off, and loses the horn. Now its just like the other horses. Jim is terribly sorry, but Laura doesnt seem to mind.

Jim tells Laura how special she is, and then he kisses her. Afterward, he apologizes for his behavior. He tells Laura that hes engaged, and the only reason why he accepted the dinner invitation was to be polite. Upon hearing this, Amanda becomes very upset at Tom for doing that to his sister. After Jim has left, she starts yelling at Tom because he didnt tell them, but he honestly did not know of Jim's engagement. After a few minutes of his mother yelling, he threatens to go to the movies.

Amanda follows that with, "That's right, now that you've had us make such fools of ourselves. The effort, the preparations, all the expense! The new floor lamp, the rug, the clothes for Laura! All for what? To entertain some other girl's fianc! Go to the movies, go! Don't think about us, a mother deserted, an unmarried sister who's crippled and has no job! Don't let anything interfere with your selfish pleasure! Just go, go, goto the movies!" (I, vii, 84)

Another symbol, which deals with both Amanda and Laura is Jim OConnor. To Laura, Jim represents the one thing she fears and does not want to face which, again, is reality. Jim is a perfect example of the common man; an average person with no real outstanding quality. In fact, Jim is rather awkward, which can be seen when he dances with Laura. To Amanda, Jim represents the days of her youth, when she went frolicking about picking jonquils and supposedly having seventeen gentlemen callers on one Sunday afternoon. Although Amanda desires to see Laura settled down with a nice young man, it is hard to tell whether she wanted a "gentleman caller" to be invited for Laura or for herself.

The unicorn is one of the symbols used in the play. It represents Laura. Its her favorite glass figure because its one of a kind. Laura believes that since shes disabled, shes very different from everybody else just as the unicorn is from the horses. She also points out that the unicorn does not complain of being different, as she does not complain either. But after she finds out that Jim didnt take notice of the fact that she was disabled in high school, she realizes that she is not so different after all. She has shed some of her shyness and become more normal. This is the reason why Laura did not get so upset when the unicorn lost its horn. Neither one of them is really that special. The unicorn dropping to the ground symbolizes the reality of fantasy; that it is nothing but fantasy.

Tom never liked his job at the warehouse. Neither does he like the way his mother is always telling him what to do. He wants to run away, just like his father. But he doesnt at first. He goes to the movies instead. When he watches the movies, its like hes in another world. He forgets all the pain and misery that he has to face every day at home. Tom gets into the military as a Marine. He leaves the Wingfield home, but the home doesn't leave his mind. When he finally leaves, he finds out that things arent getting any better. He feels guilty because he left Laura behind. He realizes that leaving is not an escape at all, but a path of even more powerful desperation. Tom wants so badly to follow in his father's footsteps, but he can't forget what he is leaving behind.

"Oh, Laura, Laura, I tried to leave you behind me, but I am more faithful than I intended to be! I reach for a cigarette, I cross the street, I run into the movies or a bar, I buy a drink, I speak to the nearest strangeranything that can blow your candles out!

Laura bends over the candles.

For nowadays the world is lit by lightning! Blow out your candles, Lauraand so goodbye…."

She blows the candles out. (I,vii, 85)

This speech happens at the end of the play. What Tom is saying to Laura here is telling her how it is in the real world. He gets her to realize that she is living in a fantasy land. The candle is fragile; when it is blown out, its job I done. It becomes an inanimate object. When Laura blows her candle out, he life ends in a sense. She must now forget the past and adapt to a change. The glass, candle and Laura are all the same. They all symbolize the gentle, more fragile way of life. Unfortunately for the Wingfields, life doesn't work the way it used to. Life is as fast as a bolt of lightening. Laura and her family will get run over in the real world if they continue on the way they are living. The reason they are doing so poorly financially and socially is because their lack of a grip on reality.

The Glass Menagerie, by Tennessee Williams is a memory play of dreamers and sleep-walkers. The characters in the play act as if they are just waiting for their death. They haven't done anything with themselves out of fear of change and reality. Instead of confronting the present, each character consumes their thoughts with the past. What Williams wanted to say with this play, is that escaping the real life is not a good option. No matter how bad things seem to be, one should rather try to solve the problems and do something about it, than run away. It is impossible to hide from one's problems forever. Especially in today's world.

Bibliography

1. Williams, Tennesse. "The Glass Menagerie." Understanding Plays. Milly S. Barranger. Needham Heights, MA. Allyn and Bacon, 14. Page 48.

. Williams, Tennesse. "The Glass Menagerie." Understanding Plays. Milly S. Barranger. Needham Heights, MA. Allyn and Bacon, 14. Page 48.

. Williams, Tennesse. "The Glass Menagerie." Understanding Plays. Milly S. Barranger. Needham Heights, MA. Allyn and Bacon, 14. Page 4

4. Williams, Tennesse. "The Glass Menagerie." Understanding Plays. Milly S. Barranger. Needham Heights, MA. Allyn and Bacon, 14. Page 50

5. Williams, Tennesse. "The Glass Menagerie." Understanding Plays. Milly S. Barranger. Needham Heights, MA. Allyn and Bacon, 14. Page 78

6. Williams, Tennesse. "The Glass Menagerie." Understanding Plays. Milly S. Barranger. Needham Heights, MA. Allyn and Bacon, 14. Page 84

7. Williams, Tennesse. "The Glass Menagerie." Understanding Plays. Milly S. Barranger. Needham Heights, MA. Allyn and Bacon, 14. Page 85

This website was also used for reference

8. Lichtenstein, Jesse. Sparknotes on The Glass Menagerie. 1 November 00. http//www.sparknotes.com/lit/menagerie . Williams, Tennessee. The Glass Menagerie. 145

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PM's department accused of theft cover-up

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While Labour MPs last week chastised Arderns allegedly unlawful protest actions, it has emerged that the PMs department secretly handled a case of an employee who stole money from a petty cash account.

Clark has admitted an employee in the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet owned up to stealing $1.

But the matter was not referred to police, and the staffer continues to work for the PMs department, in a breach of state service guidelines.

Clark and other Labour MPs rebuked Ardern for driving a tractor up parliaments steps during a protest against the fart tax.

Cheap University Papers on PM's department accused of theft cover-up

Clark criticised the stunt as disorderly and invited police to charge Ardern - two days later police charged the National MP with disorderly behaviour.

National leader Bill English said the governments comments were hypocritical after Clarks department covered up the staffers theft.

She has only now acknowledged this was a dishonesty offence that went unreported, and like the artwork she didnt do, this seems to be how the prime minister seems to run things.

Clark confirmed in just-released answers to parliamentary questions that a dishonesty offence had been detected in the department in 001. The staffer took $1 from a petty cash account, and later admitted the theft to managers.

A Clark spokesman said last night the theft had nothing to do with her as it was an employment matter and she only became aware of it through the parliamentary question.

Earlier, her office referred inquiries to Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet chief executive Mark Prebble.

Prebble - currently under fire for withholding corngate documents from public scrutiny - opted for an internal investigation.

The staffer repaid the money and was subjected to disciplinary action, Prebble told the Star-Times. He refused to divulge what action was taken. Clark said the staffer still worked in the prime ministers department but no longer has any role in handling petty cash.

English claimed Clarks department had tried to keep the matter hushed-up.

The saga smacks of a cavalier attitude towards the law and the police which we have seen from the prime minister before, he said, referring to Clarks refusal to cooperate with the police inquiry into paintergate. It only came out because the opposition asked questions about it.

Prebble said Clark learned of the theft when the questions were asked.

He maintained he had the power to investigate employment matters, saying Departmental managers inquired into all the circumstances. The department took appropriate disciplinary action and we have ensured that the event will not be repeated.

But Prebbles explanation is at odds with State Services Commission code of conduct guidelines for public servants.

They state Citizens expect departments to comply with the letter and spirit of the law.

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Slavery

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The labor and services obtained threw force, the property of another person. This is a slave. From the beginning of time slaves have been known merely as things, not as people. They have been traded, bought, given as a gift, or pledged by a debt by their owners, many without objection or restraint. Slavery dates back to prehistoric times. There were many jobs to be done and people did not want to have to pay for someone to do them. Some people had to sell themselves or family just to pay off a debt to someone and those people would be enslaved for punishment.

Slavery was a big part of the economy for all ancient civilizations. Most ancient Egyptians used slaves to build their temples. The ancient Hebrews also used slaves but were forced to free any slaves or their same nationality. Aztec, Inca, and Maya used slaves for agriculture and warfare purposes. Some of these ancients would set their slaves free because of their good work and loyal services.

In Greece, some slaves were treated very poorly and were forced into labor or fighting. The people mostly made them fight because they highly outnumbered their masters. Overall people would not be surprised to see the slaves and their masters on good terms. Most slaves in Greece were employed for domestic services or as seamen and oarsmen. The later Greek philosophers did not consider the condition of slavery as morally objectionable.

The Romans played a major role in the development of slavery. Roman masters had much more power over their slaves, even to the matter of life or death. Wealthy Romans had quiet a few slaves to take care of their land and households. As Romans expanded their territory, the need for workers increased and foreign slaves were imported to work. The biggest way to gain slaves was threw war. Many prisoners were taken to Rome and sold or used as slaves. Depending of slaves contributed to Rome's downfall.

With the exploration of North and South America, slavery was a major trade. Portugal was the first to meet its worker expectations by bringing imported slaves over for its agricultural work. Portugal started this in 1444 and by 1460 they were importing 700-800 slaves from trading posts and forts on the African coast. Spain soon followed but Portugal was clearly monopolized the African slavery traffic. Threw out the 15th century people began to take in this industry and Arabs began to take Africans to Arabia, Iran, and India to sell at markets.

The first African slaves to reach America were in 116. They landed in Jamestown, Virginia brought by Dutch ships. At first the amount of slaves coming in to America was very little so people did not see a reason to keep track of their legal status. With the development of the southern colonies and the need for agriculture work the imports of Africans greatly increased. In the north, slaves were mostly used for trade. In the middle they were used for agriculture. As for the south, most of the Africans were used to work on plantations.

Slaves became very important to America, especially in the south. They were a fundamental to the community and the economy. Contrary to what people said, slaves did not have many legal rights. Support in age and sickness, religion rights, and the right to bring suit and give evidence in special cases were limited. However, some had the rights to marriage, free time, private property, contractual ability and for women, lighter domestic or plantation work. Brutal treatment such as branding, chaining, and sometimes murder was prohibited but cruelty was very common before the 1th century.

In the early 1800's the population of the United States included 8,60 slaves and only 6,505 of those slave belonged to people in the north. By 1860 there were a total of ,5,760 slaves just in the southern states. Most early presidents and major people thought as slavery as being something evil and inconsistent with the declaration of independents. The Presbyterian Church and the Methodist Episcopal were very anti-slavery until one day when a bishop from the Methodist Episcopal church refused to emancipate slaves he had inherited threw his wife. From this the south was formed.

Any northerners made anti slavery groups and as a whole anti slavery views grew strong. Many people were afraid to show their anti slavery views in fear of what might happen. Even though northerners did not want slavery to spread to other states their reasons were based on economics rather then mortality. Every conflict between the north and the south somehow tied into slavery issues. Prior to the 1860 election, Abraham Lincoln and Stephan Douglas both worked towards a compromise on the slavery issues. However, Douglas won most immigrant support because they feared the abolishment of slavery would take away their jobs.

During the civil war a man named Fredrick Douglass, who was a slave but escaped, spoke of giving blacks guns and training them for combat. Not only would this prove that blacks should have their freedom but also show white men that black people deserve the right to full citizenship. That is what Lincoln did, he put up posters stating why a black man would want to join the war.

At first blacks were assigned to their own groups, separated from the whites and were given silly tasks. Once the blacks were allowed to fight, their performance quickly hushed the racist soldiers. By the end of the war 17,000 black men had served in 166 all-black regiments and many performed heroically. Twenty-one blacks earned the Medal of Honor for their outstanding performance above and beyond their call of duty.

Denmark was the first to abolish slavery in 17. Then came Britain in 1807 and the United States in 1808. The Ashburton treaty of 184 between Britain and the U.S. enforced prohibition of slave tra

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