Stop smoking

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"Every day three thousand kids become regular smokers, and a third of them will eventually die of nicotine-related causes." (http//www.nicotinevictims.com/observations.htm#000) Smoking is the leading cause of cancer in the United States and the rest of the world. Due to the studies of nicotine, doctors have been able to conclude that nicotine is the most addictive and most destructive legal drug today. If you smoke it would be a good idea to stop while you're not too far behind.

When people start smoking they get cravings to have something in their hands and mouth. At first they fill the need with cigarettes and eventually they are smoking a pack or two a day. During the first few months of smoking, the lungs turn brown and eventually black. The reason for this is the tar and nicotine mixture get into the lungs. The mixture sticks to the lining of the lungs, making it hard to breathe. Shortly after that, the lungs absorb the nicotine and tar into the body where cancer can easily form, and in many cases does. This process takes only a few weeks to several years. If you smoke for a long time, and you are old your lungs are probably black and full of tar and nicotine. However, your body will continue to absorb the cancer causing agents, and eventually your body's immune system will stop fighting it off and you will get cancer. This time your body is weak from trying to fight off the tar and nicotine. This makes it hard to fight off the cancer. As you go through life struggling with the cancer, and hoping that that day that you are living in, is not your last and hoping that you will get to see the ones you love the next day. For some this is not always the result. Every day one thousand people do not get to see their loved ones the next day. Some lucky people die at night peacefully, and other not so lucky people die in excruciating pain, others die because of suffocation. And for that person's family, they are in total shock and saddened by the loss of the one that they love and will no longer be able to see, only remember. But this doesn't have to be the result. You can change everything by stopping smoking. If you say it is too hard to stop smoking, it really is not hard.

Several people avoid this tragic and painful death. Kellie of Huntington Beach said, "When I get a craving to smoke, I remind myself that I don't smoke and, unless I want to go through this again, I won't smoke. This is a choice I made, no one is forcing me to do this and it is a positive choice for my benefit. It may be difficult, but I'm glad I don't smoke." The first thing you have to do if you want to avoid an early death is truly want to quit. This means that you have to literally convince your-self that quitting is best for you. Soon after that you are well on you way to quitting. On this web page it states, "Cigarettes.... One of the most addictive and destructive, over the counter drugs known to modern man. One of the few legal substances available in stores that can injure or kill when used as intended. Most rational people know this as a fact, yet many continue to smoke. Some smokers know, deep in their hearts, they want to quit. Others are quite content to keep on puffing because they think they enjoy it so much." When people convince themselves that smoking is a horrible thing and they don't want to do it any more then it becomes very easy to stop.

After you have convinced yourself it's time to stop then all you have left to do is fill the need to have something in your mouth and hands. People can acquire this by chewing on gum, pens, pencils, and straws. As you go through this you can still smoke some to satisfy your addiction to nicotine. If you smoke a pack a day, try to cut down your intake by three to five cigarettes a day. Eventually you will not need a cigarette, because you will not be addicted.

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When you decide to stop smoking your life will become more energetic, and you will be able to see the ones you love a few years down the road. My grandfather died of lung cancer in 15. He suffered a tragic death. That morning of March 7, 15 Victor Peschke became a statistic, don't let yourself or anyone you love become one.

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Jim Crow

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The Jim Crow South

Early in the 1th century the term Jim Crow referred to a minstrel show character created by white actor Thomas Dartmouth Daddy Rice. By the end of the 1th century the term began to be applied to laws and customs which oppressed African-Americans. The racial caste system overwhelmed Blacks with the harsh realities of dehumanization, stereotyping, and the segregation of daily life in the Jim Crow South. However, within the combined efforts of The Great Migration of the post war era, the work of organizations on the national level, as well as the effort of everyday African-Americans, an overall push from segregation to civil rights resulted.

For the vast majority of southern blacks, the horror of Jim Crow meant that they were forced to live behind a virtual veil. This created a psychological ploy in which blacks assumed the position of non-confrontation. As many whites refused to acknowledge the humanity of African-Americans, most blacks had to hide their true feelings and personalities in the presence of white people. Sometimes, this masking meant shuffling and feigning irresponsibility; sometimes, it meant turning the other cheek and walking away rather than responding to white insults. But almost always, it meant conforming to a pattern of racial etiquette in day-to-day affairs. Blacks avoided looking whites in the eyes and were expected to stare at the ground when addressing whites of both sexes. Black customers had to show deference to white customers while shopping. They were usually not permitted to try on clothing in white businesses, as it was commonly believed that white customers would not purchase clothes that black customers had tried on. Adult African Americans were seldom afforded titles of respect by whites, as described by Mr. Young, a black male whose account was recorded in "Remembering Jim Crow." "White men and women were addressed as Mr. and Mrs. You didn't address blacks that way." They were instead referred to by their first names or by the words boy, girl, auntie, uncle, and frequently, nigger. Most blacks fully understood that putting on the face in the presence of whites was one of the many tactics they used to survive.

African-Americans fought inner struggles over the humiliating image of blacks depicted in circuses, minstrel shows, song, and in the twentieth century, films and radio programs. In popular culture, black people were portrayed as lazy and silly bumpkins, high-strutting dandies who foolishly mimicked white elites, or simple-minded and contented darkies who simply loved their white patrons. Blacks had to ask themselves many questions how does one learn to live behind a veil or to put on a mask of deference and become a shadow? How does an individual grow to be self-respecting, promising person when acting this way around white people would lead to beatings, job discrimination, or even death? When did little African-American boys learn to never look at white girls or speak to them directly? How did they force themselves to behave one way in the presence of whites and yet step out from behind the veil when at home with family and friends? These are just a few of the hundreds of questions blacks dealt with the Jim Crow South.

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Completing one's daily routine was but another degrading aspect of the life of an African-American in the beginnings of the 0th century. Within every waking moment Blacks were faced with dehumanizing laws that kept them as second- class citizens. In the film "Road to Brown," these elitist rules created two separate America's. Black America couldn't swear on white America's bibles, die in their hospitals, sip from the same water fountain, or even stand within a specified distance from the white populace. Within the documentary a victim of Jim Crow aptly stated, "you abide by those laws or you, [would] be hauled off to jail, that simple." Justice and equality was but a distant goal for African-American's living in this harsh segregation.

The threat of physical pain, public humiliation, and death held Jim Crow laws firmly in place. However, people did eventually begin to fight against the system. Immediate relief from this oppression was found in the flight of millions of African-Americans to the North, commonly known as The Great Migration. Much of the desire to flee the South and to resist segregation legally and politically resulted from the experience of African-American soldiers in World War I. African-American service-men were confronted with the realities of the military's own segregation despite their patriotic motives. A biographer in the documentary "Road to Brown," described the sentiment that ran through the ranks of black soldiers in that there was "…No sense dying for a world run by them." Why should these men fight for a democracy that in theory treated them as equals but in reality oppressed their race? No true democracy would result until the rights of African-Americans were placed back into their own hands. This American dissention was especially dangerous and important because of its un-American stance. Young black soldiers home from Europe found Jim Crow Laws especially grueling. Similar patterns occurred after World War II, when over a million and a half African Americans left the South. During this time there was no longer room for the passive African Americans, willing to accept the white man's cruelty. These enlightened individuals fought harder than ever to seek the "democracy" that they fought for overseas, but were denied in their homeland. As poignantly stated the film "Freedom Bags," "When the world told them they should be content; they continued to dream."

Efforts to disassemble the structure of Jim Crow Laws also began on a national level. Led by the NAACP, the labors of civil rights leaders and followers continued to grow. The NAACP worked vehemently under the leadership of Charles H. Houston and Thurgood Marshall to provide precedents in which to bring the demise of Jim Crow Segregation. These cases eventually led to the Brown vs. Board of Education ruling that enabled blacks throughout the country to have faith in the growing cause. Prior to these victories, success had only been viewed on a small scale and had never attracted such attention. The death of Jim Crow was not immediately observed after this ruling (Cook 85), but the victory was essential to the growth of the civil rights movement in the 160's. African-Americans desperately needed organizations, such as the NAACP, to take a leadership role against discrimination and lead them into a new era of change.

Although grass-roots activism had been present since the turn of the century, widespread participation of African-Americans was not observed until much later. This participation was viewed in the simple defiant protest and attempt of blacks to exercise their right to vote. For decades whites had successfully alienated blacks from one another to prevent a massive movement. But in victories such as Randolph's March on Washington, and through an increasing focus of the Liberal Branch of the Democratic Party on civil rights, blacks came to see their worth. A single united voice in the Jim Crow South was finally heard amongst the chorus of millions of other oppressed blacks.

Although the Jim Crow South lays dead and buried, this era is only a few decades in our past. The cruel reality of white and black relations, racial labels, and everyday life in this movement still aches in the hearts of millions. However, freedom is a reality for African Americans today, owing much to the victory in the brutal struggle of yesterday's freedom-fighters in the massive migration, the labors of national organizations, as well as the efforts of grass-roots activism.

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Manulation of Women

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Manipulation of Women

In the play A Doll House by Henrik Ibsen, symbolizes the nature of Helmer's marriage. The play was less about the rights of women than about human rights; generally less about the particular social conditions responsible for the position of women (Diyanni 105). In nineteenth-century Norway, the need for individual of both sexes is to treat each other with mutual respect (Diyanni 105). In nineteenth-century males were dominant and authority. A wife was not allowed to contact a third party (Wollstonecraft 11). Women could neither sue a third party for personal injuries or losses nor to sued by others unless her husband was included in the lawsuit (Wollstonecraft 1). Under common law- the ancient unwritten law of England on which American law is based a husband and wife were regarded as one person, and that one person was the husband (Alexander's 1). As a result of this concept of "unity of the spouses," women who married surrendered much of her legal identity. In nineteenth-century Norway, society dictated male dominance by using many symbols; nevertheless, women became liars through self-awareness.

Trovald Helmer rejects the heart of his marriage and embraces the conventions of society. Trovald treats Nora as if she were his trophy of daughter. He is demanding to women. He addresses his wife as some kind of bird and other funny names, not only that but he also addresses her as a "helpless thing" (Diyanni 1085). Torvald is also a hypocrite, we see this when Dr. Rank (his friend) wants to come in the house and he talks behind Ranks back, he did the same to Kristen after she left. His father like figure to Nora makes her acts the way he wants to, like a little girl that could not live without him. She acts like a little girl and gets everything she wants. The central and management of women real property, as well as the profits from any leases women held, went to her husband (Alexander 1).

Nora Helmer fights reduction, not because she wants to be a man, but to express more of herself. In nineteenth-century Norway, women were not able to take responsibilities in the marriage. Nora's symbolizes as a man to pay the debt without her husband knowledge. As soon as Nora takes out the loan, she shows as an independent woman. Nora is taking responsibility that men usually have. Nora was not allowed to have any friends. Some modern-day restrictions still in force that it do not permit a wife to get credit with her husband's consent or to buy or sell property on her own behalf (Alexander 1). Men also became the absolute owner of all personal property women brought into the marriage, and only he could recover her legal claims against others (Alexander 1).

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Nora criminal acts and the lies it necessitated her final flight to freedom. When Nora forged her father's signature, which gave Krogstad a tremendous power over her. Krogstad were in the position to lose his job for giving her a loan without the husband consent. Women are more likely to commit embezzlement, forgery, and fraud rather than more aggressive crimes such as auto theft, burglary, robbery, and assault (Alexander 177). She started her own business in the house to make some extra money without her husband consent. In many states it is obligated that a wife is not to support her husband if he is unable (Alexander).

In today's society women are now free away from male dominance. Nora left her husband and children to start a new life. They could work outside the home; keep money they earned without permission of their husband (Alexander ). A marriage is partnership. In many states it is obligated that women must support her husband if he is in need. Men are subject to certain economic restrictions when they married. For example, a wife's "dower right" entitled her to inherit a one-third interest in all her husband's real estate for life. This right give away any of his property without his wife's consent, even though he alone had control over the couple's property and the sole obligation to support his wife and their children. Wives could now manage and control any property they acquired prior to the marriage.

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Art rules

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ART RULES

CBD an abbreviation of the words Central Business District. The words Central Business District means the commercial centre of a city. This is the part of the city which has shops, offices, and places of leisure, high land values as there is intense competition for space and also transport routes meet here. During the day there are many people in the CBD and there usually is congestion on the roads. Department stores and chain stores are found in the centre as they need access to large numbers of customers and they can afford the high rents. Buildings are tall, building density is very high and very few people live in the CBD. The housing areas near to the CBD tend to be old. This is because new developments spread out from the middle, leaving the centre the oldest part of the city.

In some parts of the CBD there is quite often a grouping of similar activities as it is mutually beneficial e.g. five cinemas in Leister square, London. This happens because business's will get more customers if they go to an area that is already known to have shops of the same business. Sometimes parts of the CBD are pedestrianised to make it safer for pedestrians.

Norwich has been around since the 10th century. It was once the second most important city in the country. It houses a cathedral (once the tallest building in Western Europe), a castle (built by William the Conqueror himself) and city walls that enclose an even larger area than that of London's. Because of this great history of Norwich, Norwich city centre has always been a busy and prosperous place. What adds to this is the famous market that still sells its goods to people today. Over the past Twenty Five years though, Norwich city centre has grown immensely. Many streets that were just normal housing are now apart of the high streets. A mall was built and now a second one in production. Quiet backstreets and places where factories once stood have given way to nightclubs and restaurants. Overall Norwich is now busier and more active than ever before. Its CBD is growing outward and people from all over the country are coming here to shop, see the history and live in the growing city of Norwich.

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Sample of proposal

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Development of professional strategies for improvement

of teaching mathematics

Introduction

The mastery of basic math is a vital lifelong skill. Without it, people can't compare the price of products, determine whether they should refinance their mortgages or to calculate how their retirement accounts are doing.

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Basic arithmetic also is required at all levels of advanced math. Calculators are handy substitutes, but not everyone will carry calculator forever. Plus, they accurate as the data entered to them. Estimating skills are always needed to know whether calculator produced correct answers. Unfortunately, we can see a dramatic drop in math scores at all levels nationwide. Unless educators shift their strategies, U.S. math students can not become the problem solvers they must be to compete with the rest of the world.

What's needed is

Objective

To create a pedagogical system that will educate (train) teachers and assistants teachers to change their professional strategies with emphasize on teaching basic arithmetic skills first, with extension to more advanced level of math. At the beginning as a part of that solution it may mean reducing students dependance on calculators.

The project can start at the college with further development for school teachers. There will be created different tests that will check student's abilities and knowledge throught the course.

Personnel

At the beginning there will be a team of professors from the Mathematics and Education Departments to develop such a system. After completing the project it will be tested in the classrooms with college students (developmental level first). The results should be studied very carefully and then, in case of obvious success, applied in other classes. The team will recruit a few professors willing to participate in the project at the beginning, and will provide the necessary training for them.

The time needed for the development of the above pedagogical system is six months. The following six months will be used for providing training and first experiment in the classroom.

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Hamlet: What kind of king would he have made?

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The play Hamlet is seen as a story about indecisiveness, and therefore about Hamlet's failure to act appropriately. It can be argued that Hamlet is on the edge of sanity during some of the most intense moments in the play. He hears from the ghost of his father that he was murdered. But then Hamlet derives his own plan to act insane in front of the others to search for the answer. At times it seems that morals and conscience are lost within his act, and in the end death catches up with him. Considering this, one must pose the question what kind of king would Hamlet have made? If Hamlet had survived the events of the play and succeeded Claudius to the throne of Denmark, he would have made an incompetent king. This is justified by the following reasons; he lacks decisiveness on important decisions, he spends relatively little time looking out for others, and he will never recover from the betrayals he endured through the events of the play.

Hamlet is characterized for is inability to act, and when he does act, it is with surprising swiftness and little or no premeditation. It is odd that he would spend so much time contemplating his own existence, but after only hearing someone's voice through a curtain he would wildly thrust his sword through. Throughout the play there is a contrast of Hamlet's long, inconclusive soliloquies and his rash and impulsive actions. The king of a nation must have the intellect to reach a conclusion, and the patience to carry out a plan effectively. Hamlet has trouble even coming to a decision in the first place. When he is alone in the castle, he says to himself

To be, or not to be, that is the question.

Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer

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The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,

Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,

And by opposing end them.

(III, i, 6-67)

In this quote, Hamlet contemplates whether or not it is morally legitimate to end an unbearably painful life by suicide. First of all, after thirty or so lines of deliberation, he still hasn't found his answer. Secondly, how could Hamlet become a leader who looks out for the lives of others when he is debating the value of his own existence? Another example of Hamlet's indecisiveness is when, after the performance of the play-within-the-play, he learns that Claudius did in fact murder his father. Once again alone, Hamlet says

'Tis now the very witching time of night,

When churchyards yawn and hell itself breathes out

Contagion to this world. Now I could drink hot blood,

And do such bitter business as the day

Would quake to look on

(III, ii, 81-85)

Hamlet speaks of his most evil intentions, and says that the time is right and he is ready to kill Claudius.

In the second act, Hamlet speaks to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, explaining the melancholy that has afflicted him since his fathers death. He engages in metaphorical speech, building up an elaborate and glorified picture of the earth and humanity before declaring it all merely an embodiment of dust.

... this goodly frame, the earth, seems to me a sterile promontory, this most excellent canopy, the air, look you, this brave overhanging firmament, this majestical roof fretted with golden fire, why, it appeareth nothing to me but a foul and pestilent congregation of vapours.

(II, ii, 1-18)

Hamlet examines the earth, the air, and the sun. He says the earth is a barren site and the air and sun are nothing to him but polluted and diseased vapours.

What a piece of work is a man, how noble in reason, how infinite in faculties, in form and moving how express and admirable, in action how like an angel, in apprehension, how like a god, the beauty of the world, the paragon of animals and yet, to me, what is this quintessence of dust?

(II, ii, 18-4)

He then praises human beings' noble reasons, infinite abilities, admirable appearances and movements, actions angelic, and godlike understanding. But, to Hamlet, humankind is merely dust.

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Comparison of 'My Last Duchess' with 'Porphyria's Lover', by Robert Browning.

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Both these poems were written in the mid-1800s, by Robert Browning, and are examples of his earlier works. He was one of the pioneers of the dramatic monologue form, which is used in both the poems. Browning described the dramatic monologue form as Action in character, rather than character in action. He means that the personality and thoughts of the character are revealed in the poem, and it is not centered on their actions. The form allows the poet to hide behind a fictitious first person speaker. In these poems, the persona reveals aspects of his life through suggested and hidden narrative, rather than directly spoken.

Porphyrias lover is the monologue of a man, in love with a woman named Porphyria. The man knows he cannot keep Porphyria for ever, and so takes drastic steps in order for Porphyria to always be his. My Last Duchess is a monologue by a 16th century Italian Renaissance Duke, showing the emissary of a count around his court, and subtly conveying the emissary a warning about his previous duchess.

The two speakers that Browning uses, the Duke, and Porphyrias lover, are distinctly different. Browning accentuates this difference with the settings of the poems. The lover lives in a seemingly small cottage, with a cheerless grate. The setting is not described extensively, apart from the weather. Browning describes the weather outside the cottage first

The rain set in early tonight,

The sullen wind was soon awake,

It tore the elm-tops down for spite,

And did its worst to vex the lake.

He uses pathetic fallacy to indicate to us the lovers mood. The use of human, angry adjectives such as sullen and a verb to vex means that the lover is in a tempestuous mood, even before Porphyria arrives.

The duke obviously lives in grand finery. He invites the emissary to look at My last Duchess painted on the wall. The Duke in My Last Duchess was modelled on Alfonzo II, the fifth duke of Ferrara in Renaissance Italy. He would certainly have been a patron of the arts, as was the custom for the upper classes of society at the time. He points out a work of art to the Counts emissary at the finish of the poem

Notice Neptune, tho,

Taming a sea-horse, thought a rarity.

He is obviously proud of his works of art, just as he expected to be proud of his wife. We are also reminded, as Neptune was taming a sea-horse, that the duke managed to tame his wife, only in death. The Duke was also constantly suspicious of his wife, as is shown by the line;

Sir, twas not

Her husbands presence only, called that spot

Of joy into the Duchess cheek.

The Duke unreasonably suspects his wife of having been flirtatious even with the painter, so bad were her flirting tendencies. As the painter, Fra Pandolf, is a friar, this is very unlikely. The line serves to reinforce the idea that the Dukes obsession is not completely based on real incidents, rather mostly in his mind.

The relationships the characters themselves had with their fictional lovers were completely different. Although Porphyrias lover does kill her, there is still a tenderness and emotion in his monologue that is not apparent in My Last Duchess. The lover seems capable of more emotion than the duke. It was the lover who sat in the cold cottage in a storm, and listened with heart fit to break for Porphyrias return. The Duke, however, only has the faded memory of his anger and jealousy towards the Duchess. The poem does not serve as a picture of the Dukes emotions, just to show us the warning to the emissary, the silent listener of the poem

These differences of outlook also show themselves in the way that the Duke and the lover murder their respective women. The Duke kills his duchess out of hatred and jealousy. He tells the emissary

I gave commands

And then all smiles stopped together.

This method of murder, simply giving commands to another man is extremely impersonal compared to that of Porphyria. Porphyrias lover killed her with emotion, and debatably, he killed her out of love. He simply found a thing to do

All her hair.

In one yellow string I wound

Three times her little throat around

And strangled her.

It is done almost tenderly, and it seems, without any form of guilt or remorse. The line lengths are between five and seven syllables, making the verse seem light-hearted. At the end of the verse, the lover tells us

All night long we have not stirred,

And yet God has not said a word.

It is as if the lover feels that God has condoned his actions, so made them acceptable to the speaker.

The relationship that the lover and the duke had with their women was also very different. The Duke is very explicit over what he feels the Duchess did wrong, that she

…Ranked

My gift of a nine-hundred-years-old name

With anybodys gift.

My Last Duchess is in fact a study of obsession. The Duke is obsessed with the idea that the Duchess was being overly familiar with other men, because She had a heart… too soon made glad.

Porphyrias Lover, however, is very different. The relationship between Porphyria and the un-named man seems to be illicit, held back by family or social ties of Porphyria that are hinted at but never actually discussed. The lover is upset and angry because he wants Porphyria, and these ties are holding her from him

She

Too weak, for all her hearts endeavour

To set its struggling passion free.

From pride, and vainer ties dissever.

And give herself to me forever..

The lover knows that Porphyria will not giver herself to me forever, but at that moment she was mine, mine, fair, and he felt he had to have some way of capturing it. While the Duke killed the Duchess out of jealousy and pride, the lover killed Porphyria through misguided love, and a need to have her close.

Porphyria and the Duchess, however, are more similar than the males. They both seem like beautiful, charming people. The sensual description of Porphyria making her smooth white shoulder bare gives the reader the impression that she is beautiful. The Duchess is described as being overly familiar with men from the court by her jealous Duke, but in fact she seems like a charming person

All and each

Would draw from her alike the approving speech.;

The Duchess especially seems innocent, as the Duke tells the emissary that The white mule/She rode with round the terrace. A white mule is symbolic, as white represents purity, and a mule is sterile, and so represents chastity. This subtext reinforces the idea that the murder of the Duchess was not necessary. On a similar note, when Porphyria enters into the lovers cottage, she removes her soiled gloves. This indicates that Porphyria, unlike the duchess, lacks purity. It also highlights the fact that this may be an illicit relationship. There is not much more revealed about the women in the poetry than what has already been mentioned. This is because the main focus of the poems is the actions and mentality of the men, and so it is easier for the women to be simple but charming creatures.

Due to the form of these poems, we do not learn anything about the views and attitude of Robert Browning, the poet. He has, however, used literary devices such as pathetic fallacy to help convey the hidden subtexts of the poems to the readers. The differences of language are also used to highlight the differences in character of the two speakers.

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