Producing ENVIRONMENTAL compost

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PRODUCING ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOST

Many people have decided that they should be doing something more useful with those banana skins, egg shells and other leftovers rather than just tipping them away into a bin. This also applies to garden waste - hedge trimmings, fallen leaves and weeds. More than half the nations gardeners leave there debris out for the dustman.

With very little time and effort you can convert your household and garden waste nutrient rich compost for your flowerbeds and vegetable patch. Environmental organisations estimate that around 40% of all domestic refuse is compostable.

PRODUCING ENVRONMENTAL COMOST

Many people have decided that they should be doing something more useful with those banana skins, egg shells and other leftovers rather than just tipping them away into a bin. This also applies to garden waste - hedge trimmings, fallen leaves and weeds. More than half the nations gardeners leave there debris out for the dustman.

With very little time and effort you can convert your household and garden waste nutrient rich compost for your flowerbeds and vegetable patch. Environmental organisations estimate that around 40% of all domestic refuse is compostable.

If you decide that you want to produce your own compost by using household waste you should be aware that you can follow some simple rules.

For the best results try and balance the contents of your bin. Two nitrogen rich materials, such as kitten waste and grass clippings, to one part carbon-rich materials, such as fallen leaves, straw or paper, are ideal.

Too much of the former and the mixture will start to produce unpleasant odours, whereas too much of the latter will not allow it to run efficiently.

As a nation we are running out of places to put our waste. That is why we will have to reduce biodegradable waste going to landfill. Local authorities are also starting to introduce compost collection schemes.

If you decide that you want to produce your own compost by using household waste you should be aware that you can follow some simple rules.

For the best results try and balance the contents of your bin. Two nitrogen rich materials, such as kitten waste and grass clippings, to one part carbon-rich materials, such as fallen leaves, straw or paper, are ideal.

Too much of the former and the mixture will start to produce unpleasant odours, whereas too much of the latter will not allow it to run efficiently.

As a nation we are running out of places to put our waste. That is why we will have to reduce biodegradable waste going to landfill. Local authorities are also starting to introduce compost collection schemes.

Please note that this sample paper on Producing ENVIRONMENTAL compost is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Producing ENVIRONMENTAL compost, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Producing ENVIRONMENTAL compost will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Falling into Sight

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King Lear is a Shakespearean tragedy about the re-education of a king and his people. In this, as

many of Shakespeare's plays, appearance does not always correspond to reality. The truth may not always

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be immediately apparent. In order to gain sight, several of the characters must first lose it. The journey is

tumultuous from loss of sight to new-found vision, but results in the realization of self and the nature of

life.

At the beginning of the play, King Lear holds absolute authority over England. He is noble and

respected, and in the highest position. However, he is growing old, and decides that it is time to transfer

ownership of the land to his three daughters. He declares without hesitation, "Know that we have divided

in three our kingdom" (I, i, -40), but he is blind to the consequences that apportioning the kingdom will

have on the country. He also fails to see the threat of impending civil war between the Dukes. Shakespeare

uses the division of the kingdom to set a faulty society, and to show that Lear cannot see the consequences

of his actions. Lear is established from this point as a flawed character. He is not blind as a result of

others' actions, but of his own doing.

Lear is also blind to the false flattery of his daughters, Goneril and Regan. He foolishly accepts

their over-enthusiastic proclamations of love. This demonstrates his self-indulgent behaviour; he would

rather hear flattering lies then the truth. When Cordelia speaks her true feelings and says, "I love your

Majesty according to my bond, no more nor less" (I, i, 4-5), Lear is insulted by her blunt words and

disowns her. Thus, Goneril and Regan are each allotted half of England, and Cordelia goes to France. The

audience realizes that Cordelia represents absolute truth and love. Lear's failure to see this is the tragic

flaw that causes his downfall. Shakespeare uses metaphorical blindness as the trigger for Lear's descent

from an all-powerful king to the most essential form of man. Lear has lost sight of the difference between

appearance and reality.

Soon, Lear realizes the true nature of his daughters, and that they have stripped him of his

authority. He no longer has his men, a symbol of his status. He has nothing, and it is the result of his

inability to see the truth. He is not welcome anywhere, so he heads out into a raging storm that reflects his

furious mood. He is desperate to figure out what went wrong, and at the same time fears going mad. In his

great swell of emotion, however, he stops to think

"Poor naked wretches, wheresoe'er you are,

That bide the pelting of this pitiless storm,

How shall your houseless heads and unfed sides,

Your looped and windowed raggedness, defend

you

From seasons such as these? O, I have ta'en

Too little care of this! Take physic, pomp;

Expose thyself to what wretches feel,

That thou mayst shake the superflux to them,

And show the heavens more just." (III, iv, 8-6)

Lear has had a change in character. Before, he shows little concern for the welfare of others and is very

self-involved. Now, he shows compassion for all mankind. He realizes his duty towards helping others; "I

have ta'en too little care of this!" He also acknowledges his own responsibility in what is happening to his

life. Shakespeare allows his audience to begin to respect Lear once again; they realize Lear is not entirely a

fool. The imagery of poor men makes the audience to see Lear as one. The image of having no protection

from "seasons" is a representation of what Lear feels emotionally. He is out in the storm like a wretch, but

thinks of other people rather than his own afflictions. He is gaining insight into what it is to be a man.

Lear finds Edgar in the hovel, and views him as the epitome of man.

"…Thou art the thing itself; unaccommodated man

is no more but such a poor, bare, forked animal as

thou art. Off, off, you lendings!" (III, iv, 108-111)

He is now stripped of his clothing, which is the last remainder of his former self. The clothing imagery is

employed as a symbol of status. After Lear has removed the bondage of clothing, the audience identifies

that he is liberated from his past mistakes. Shakespeare also uses animal imagery to affect the audience.

Lear is a naked like a beast. He is at the height of his transition from king to man, and has reached the

most primitive state. Although he has nothing, he is free to rise to the status of a great man once again.

This is a key turning point in the play, because from here Lear begins his ascension. Lear has gained sight

about the true nature of man. He is no longer blind.

As a parallel to reinforce the story of Lear, the Earl of Gloucester experiences a similar plight.

This heightens the discomfort and fear of the audience, because such extraordinary circumstances are

occurring simultaneously. Gloucester's bastard son, Edmund, forges a letter from his half-brother, Edgar.

Gloucester believes that Edgar is plotting against him. Like Lear, Gloucester is self-indulgent and believes

false declarations from the evil child. He is rash, and is quick to turn on his son Edgar with little evidence

"O villain, villain! His very opinion in the letter.

Abhorred villain, unnatural, detested, brutish villain;

worse than brutish!" (I, ii, 80-8)

He is blind to both Edgar's innocence, as well as Edmund's intentions. He has lost sight of the truth. This

affects Shakespeare's audience because it creates suspense and fear. The audience awaits what will come

of this falsehood, but remains incapable of stopping the outcome. Gloucester's language is vehement, and

his use of the word villain repeatedly demonstrates his rash and unclear thinking. He is unable to see the

truth partly because of Edmund's trickery, but also because of a character flaw. He has lost sight.

Gloucester's blindness to the truth is the cause of his turn in fortune. Edgar has fled, and

Gloucester remains with Edmund. Edmund desires his father's title and wealth, and tells Cornwall and

Regan that Gloucester is a traitor. Gloucester's blindness to Edmund's true nature has come back to him

full circle. He is tortured by Cornwall, and his eyes are plucked out. He realizes his mistake and Edgar's

innocence, when he desperately declares,

"I have no way and therefore want no eyes;

I stumbled when I saw. Full oft 'tis seen,

Our means secure us, and our mere defects

Prove our commodities. Oh, dear son Edgar,

The food of thy abused father's wrath!

Might I but live to see thee in my touch,

I'd say I had eyes again!" (IV, i, 18-)

4

Gloucester is at the bottom of the Wheel of Fortune. He has no one left to support him, and realizes the

great error he has made. Shakespeare uses Gloucester's tragedy to evoke pity from the audience. The

audience is sympathetic towards him because he is not as evil as the characters who have wronged him, and

because he has fallen from nobility to a lowly man. He regrets his rash banishment of Edgar so much that

he thinks he does not deserve eyes. His physical malady is a result of the metaphorical blindness that he

suffered. To see the true nature of Edmund and Edgar, Gloucester had to literally lose his sight.

Edgar also undertakes a journey in which he gains sight. Like Lear and Gloucester, he is brought

down by a character trait. Edgar, who represents absolute good, is flawed by his naivet. He is blind to

Edmund's scheming until it is too late. He fears Gloucester's wrath, and must flee from the castle. Like

Lear, he heads out into the raging storm. He assumes a new identity

"Whiles I may 'scape,

I will preserve myself; and am bethought

To take the basest and most poorest shape

That ever penury, in contempt of man,

Brought near to beast." (II, iii, 5-)

Later, in the same passage, he says, "Poor Tom, that's something yet Edgar I nothing am." (II, iii, 0-1)

He is now disguised as a madman. When Lear and his followers encounter him, he speaks nonsense. The

image of Edgar as the poorest, most primitive man is a parallel to Lear, but Shakespeare also creates a

contrast to Lear's real madness through Edgar's assumed behaviour. Edgar must participate in Lear's

games to save his disguise, but his asides inform the audience of his real opinion on Lear's state of mind.

His comment, "I nothing am", also sets the tone for Lear's theme of being stripped down to nothing. Edgar

loses sight of the truth, and thus loses everything.

Similar to Lear, Edgar falls to the bottom because he lost sight of Edmund's true nature. He gains

insight from meeting Lear, as Lear does from him. He watches Lear act like a desperate madman, and says,

"My tears begin to take his part so much they mar my counterfeiting." (III, iv, 5-60) He feels compassion

for Lear, and later says

5

"When we our betters see bearing our woes,

We scarcely think our miseries our foes.

Who alone suffers most i' th' mind,

Leaving free things and happy shows behind;

But then the mind much sufferance doth o'erskip

When grief hath mates, and bearing fellowship.

How light and portable my pain seems now,

When that which makes me bend makes the

King bow." (III, vi, 101-108)

His encounter with Lear has left him humbled. He realizes that he is not as poorly off as he once thought,

and also that Lear is a true friend, which Shakespeare returns to later in the plot. Although Edgar still feels

pain, he can now bear it. The effect on the audience is that Lear is again reinforced as a noble character.

The new fellowship between Lear and Edgar also establishes that the king's fortunes are starting to turn.

Edgar realizes that fortune is changeable. He has gained insight into the nature of life itself.

Through the trials and tribulations of these three characters, the audience comes to pity their

afflictions, and simultaneously fears that such things could happen to them. The characters fall from the

highest ranks into the lowest depths because they are blind to truth. They are only able to gain insight when

they have reached the bottom, and having nothing, open their eyes to reality.

Please note that this sample paper on Falling into Sight is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Falling into Sight, we are here to assist you. Your essay on Falling into Sight will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Lost Love

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Lost Love. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Lost Love paper right on time.

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I am sitting on the chair and thinking about her, my girl friend Sita, who is no longer alive. Outside the atmosphere is not so pleasant so my heart. It is dark evening and started to hurt as I think about her. More I think about her more I fell pain in my heart. I could not stand it. Love and relationships never hurt me like this. I can not believe on myself, why it happened to me?

I remember the day and how I met her. The first time we met in the park. She was walking with her dog at the park and I was on the way home after finishing my part time job in near by store. Suddenly, I noticed the beautiful attractive girl in the park with the dog. I never have seen her before in this park and area. So, I easily reached in conclusion that she must be the new in this area. When, I reached near to her, "Hi, beautiful dog. Ï have not seen you before. Are you new here?"

She stops and slowly turned to me and said, "Yes, we just moved from Katmandu and living just near that red house."

She added, "My name is Sita. What is yours?"

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For a moment, our eyes see each other since both of us were going to the same direction. We started to talk way back home. I told about the town and area which was new for her. I did not realize that I have arrived in my house. To cut the conversation, I asked her, "What are you doing day after tomorrow."

She answered me. "I do not have any special plan but I am planning to go to the down town."

I told her, "Okay, I am also planning to go to the down town. If you do not mind then I can show you around."

When Friday came, I was very happy. When, I saw her coming to my house. I came out of my house and told her, "I am ready. Let's go."

The day was perfect and the person I was with made the date like heaven. After that, we started going out together so often and talked on the phone. One day, we decided to go for hiking for just two days. This is very common in Nepal at that time. To avoid the suspicious from the families, I told her why not we ask out , friends to join with us. Day before leave for the hiking, I went to the shop to rent a sleeping bag for all of us and camping tent.

Next day, I left for a hiking with Sita and other friends. After walking straightly 4 hours up in the hill, I was so tired and hungry that I decided to set up a camp just out side the village. Together, all of us set up a camp and cooked food. When I was having a food other group members purpose me to go down to the village to see this village is so popular among the westerner. But I was not in mood to go down to the village.

I told them. "You guys go ahead. I am tired. I will stay behind."

I stay behind with Sita in the camp just kissing and talking. At that time, the only thing I was hoping for was that this moment would never end. When I looked into her soft black eyes, I was completely under her spell. We would stare into each other and talked about the future plans. I spent that days hiking program talking each other away from home.

The spring flew by faster then hiking and camping trip. When school started my feelings had increased. Even though, I was busy in my own study and at the school activities. It did not affect my feelings and relationship towards her. Then came New Year, I decided to celebrate differently in my friend Ravi's place instead to going to the Hotel. On New Year day, I with Sita went to the Ravi's place where all the friends were come and celebrating.

Before the New Year celebration day, Ravi announced all the friends. "Alcohol is not allowed." However, on the New Year day, some of the boys drank outside and came in the party. But Ravi and I did not give attention who was drunk and who is sober. After the party, I decide to stay behind and clean-up the Ravi's place. I was just happy that the cleaning was over and I could go home.

I took a taxi to come back home. While I was coming back home, I looked at her and asked her. "Do you promise me you'll never leave me?"

She answered me softly with smile on her face, "Yes, I will never leave you."

When we left, it was already 1.0 a.m. Taxi was heading to the home. Weather was not so good, road was slippery due to the rain. When taxi reached the roundabout, all of sudden, I heard bang noise as our taxi collided with other vehicle. Which was coming from other direction? After that, I do not remember. When I opened my eyes- I was in the hospital bed. I looked at the left and right side of my bed. I did not see anybody. I called nurse and asked impatiently, "where is Sita?"

But the nurse told me to take rest and do not talk and stressed myself. When I pressured her about Sita, the nurse told, "I'm sorry, your friend did not made here. She died on the accident and she was already death when medical team arrived at the accident scene."

I remember the promise, which I made to her at the last moment. More I remembered more I felt pain in my heart and faster tear comes out. The relatives and friends come forward to calm me down. I just looked on the ceiling and remember each and every moment I spent with her.

Please note that this sample paper on Lost Love is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Lost Love, we are here to assist you. Your essay on Lost Love will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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War In Iraq

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Introduction Bush said after the terrorist attack in New York, "Freedom and fear are at war. The advance of human freedom the great achievement of our time, and the great hope of every time now depends on us. Our nation this generation will lift a dark threat of violence from our people and our future. We will rally the world to this cause by our efforts, by our courage. We will not tire, we will not falter, and we will not fail." Shortly before Bush started making plans for the invasion, he stated that "The purposes of the United States should not be doubted. The Security Council resolutions will be enforced the just demands of peace and security will be met or action will be unavoidable. And a regime that has lost its legitimacy will also lose its power."(NBC.org)

Main Points

I.) Saddam Hussein has given Bush no choice but to invade.

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A) Since 18, Saddam has not allowed U.N. weapons inspectors to have access into Iraq (NBC.org).

B) The weapons inspectors have gathered evidence that Saddam has produced thousands of tons of chemical weapons and is working on a nuclear weapon

C) Saddam openly harbors terrorists in Iraq and strongly supports terrorist action.

D) Iraq continued to support terror and flaunt hostility toward America.

II.) All Americans should support the troops and the war effort.

A) President Bush said "Our security will require all Americans to be forward-looking and resolute, to be ready for preemptive action when necessary to defend our liberty and to defend our lives (NBC.org)."

B) Thousands of Americans are rallying in anti-war protests.

1) I do not agree with this behavior.

) Everyone has the right of freedom of speech but I fear that the soldiers fighting for our country will be treated like outcasts when they come back just as the many soldiers coming back from Vietnam were.

C) Even if you think the war is not morally right, you should still support your country and the soldiers fighting for it.

III.) The effects of the war vastly range from bad to good.

A) Naturally, as the war progresses, the number of Iraqi and U.S. deaths is rising.

B) In some Iraqi cities, residents have been seen thanking U.S. and British soldiers as people told them of incredible stories of brutality that Saddam's troops have shown their own people (CNN TV).

C) It is thought that the war might finally bring peace to the Middle East (USA Today).

D) The threats are being destroyed as chemical weapons stockpiles and military facilities are being seized (CNN .com).

Conclusion Saddam Hussein's violent dictatorship cannot be tolerated. We cannot sit by idle and wait for terror to strike. It may not be pleasant, but we are doing the right thing. Remember that when you think of the soldiers involved because they all deserve your support.

Please note that this sample paper on War In Iraq is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on War In Iraq, we are here to assist you. Your essay on War In Iraq will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Managing Diversity

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The most important part of dealing with diversity in an organization is being able to managing it. The first component to managing diversity is being able to accept the differences in people. As long as everyone accepts the key values of the organization, managers must not ask their employees to give up their individuality. When employees come to work they don't just set aside their cultural values and lifestyles preferences. Manager must accommodate their diverse workforce by addressing their different lifestyles, family needs, and work styles. They must harness each of their unique talents into pursuing the organization's mission. People attain their goals their own way, and managers must be accepting of this.

Managers have no choice in whether to manage a diverse workforce or not. Laws like the Equal Opportunity Act of 15 have banned all preferences based on gender, race, and ethnicity in federal contracts, federal employment, and federally conducted programs. It promotes equality of opportunity between persons of different sex, age, marital status, race and other specified attributes. Also projections show that by the year 000, 75% of the incoming workforce will be woman and minorities. The United States population in the next century will consist of more Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics then Whites. Hewlett-Packard's workforce is 40 percent woman and 1 percent minorities.

Since the next generation of workers will consist of a variety of backgrounds, managers must implement certain programs, which promote positive attitudes towards diversity. One such program is a family friendly workplace. With the growing trend of woman in the workforce, and fathers deciding to have an active role in raising their children, there have been increasing numbers of workers having difficulty caring for there children and also handling their job tasks. For managers to create family friendly workplaces, they offer child care, flexible work hours, telecommuting, and other family related programs. Studies show that by offering these programs there, as been an increase of employee moral, productivity, and a reduction in absenteeism.

Managers can also incorporate diversity-training programs to increase awareness of other cultures and to disprove stereotypes. Certain exercises that mangers can use include group work, discussions, and role-playing of other cultures. By actively participate in these exercises, employees will often learn to accept individual differences as they increase there understanding of other cultures.

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Hewlett-Packard's workforce is 40 percent woman and 1 percent minorities.

Please note that this sample paper on Managing Diversity is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Managing Diversity, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on Managing Diversity will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Protein Energy Malnutrition

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Protein Energy Malnutrition

One would think that in this modern age there would be little worry over diets that are deficient in any major ways by lack of access to nutrients as opposed to intentional omission. Unfortunately this is not the case. Most of us in developed Western countries find ready access to most key food groups. However there are many in the world and even in the United States that do not have this same access. In this paper we will explore the diseases of Marasmus and Kwashiorkor and the associated causes, effects and treatments.

PEM/PCM Defined

Malnutrition as a whole can be defined and is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "an imbalance between the supply of nutrients and energy and the body's demand for them to ensure growth, maintenance, and specific functions. When addressing this from the specific viewpoint of a protein deficiency we come to a collective group of nutritional disorders and diseases called protein-energy malnutrition (PEM). This group is composed of two disorders that include marasmus and kwashiorkor (Hendrick Health Systems, 00).

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Marasmus comes from a Greek word marasmus that means wasting or withering. Marasmus is caused by too little consumption of protein and calories and is seen visibly as severe emaciation. Kwashiorkor is a word taken from the native language of Ghana and means the sickness of the weaning. Kwashiorkor is somewhat different from marasmus in that the affected person usually had sufficient calorie intake but is lacking severely in proteins and edema is normally present in kwashiorkor but is absent in marasmus (Hendrick Health Systems, 00).

Effects of PEM

PEM affects many bodily systems and almost every organ. Marasmus and the lack of caloric intake results in the body depleting its own fat and energy reserves and ultimately results in severe emaciation in the effected person. There is extreme weakness when the effects of marasmus become advanced. The body breaks down and uses its own tissues as a calorie source. This results in people loosing all their body fat and muscle strength. They also will become quite skeletal in physical appearance that is the most noticed in the hands and the muscles in front of and above each ear (Hendrick Health Systems, 00).

Children that develop marasmus are small for their age and they suffer from frequent infections with their weakened immune system. There is also a loss of appetite, diarrhea, dry and baggy skin, dull thinning hair, mental retardation, and low body temperatures just to name a few.

Kwashiorkor is a similar condition in the PEM group where affected people will develop extremely think arms and legs but will have a distended abdomen due to fluid build up, liver enlargement, anemia and diarrhea are common. The body's immune system is also quite weakened with Kwashiorkor resulting in frequent infections. In children behavioral development is slow, mental retardation occurs frequently and while they may grow to a normal height children affected by kwashiorkor are abnormally thin.

At Risk Populations

PEM is not a disorder that is prevalent in the United States among the majority of the population. However it is common in children from extremely poor families and the elderly who live in nursing facilities. In one survey by the WHO that focused on low income areas of the United States, -5% of children between the ages of two and six were below the 15th percentile in weight. The survey also identified that 11% of children in the same low income areas were in only the 5th percentile for height (WHO, 00).

When viewing these statistics from a global standpoint in 000 WHO estimated that there were over 181. million malnourished children in developing countries and that malnutrition was the leading cause of death for children under 10 in those areas. WHO also estimates that 14.6 million children under the age of 5 are far below normal rages in height and weight. These numbers are even more startling when you consider that over 50% of the children in South Central Asia and Eastern Africa have severe growth retardation due to PEM. This figure is over 5 times the amount per capita in western countries (WHO, 00).

PEM also occurs in approximately 50% of all surgical patients and 48% of all other hospital patients. PEM also occurs as a secondary condition frequently in patients who are suffering from cancer or AIDS. This increased risk for hospital patients or people suffering from other illnesses is due to difficulty chewing, swallowing, and digesting food (WHO, 00).

Pain, nausea, and the lack of appetite are the commonest reason that these patients do not take in enough of the proper nutrients. The loss of vital nutrients is also greatly increased in these same individuals due to bleeding, diarrhea, abnormally high sugar levels, kidney disease, and other malabsorption disorders. Infections, surgery, malignant and benign tumors, trauma, burns and even some medications increase the amount of nutrients required for proper body function (WHO, 00).

How Can Diet Prevent Or Manage The Disease

Protein is a key component in a healthy diet. Actually the root of the word protein comes from Greek and means "of first importance". Protein makes up over 0% of an adult's body mass and composes the majority of muscles, organs, bones, cartilage, enzymes, skin and some hormones (USDA, 00).

The human body is constantly breaking down proteins and having to be replaced. The exception to this is the amino acids. This process is referred to as protein turnover. This process begins at conception and lasts throughout the entire life cycle. Without proteins in our diet growth and all other bodily functions would eventually cease to operate (USDA, 00).

The human body cannot manufacture proteins and all the amino acids needed like plants life is able to. The human body can only manufacture thirteen but they are sometimes referred to as nonessential. They are essential to the body's daily functions but are not essential as a dietary item. There are nine essential amino acids though that are a required part of our diets. They can come from plant proteins or from animals that eat plants and other animals (USDA, 00).

As we eat proteins our digestive system breaks them down into each of the amino acids and those are then circulated throughout the body. Each cell then takes the available amino acids and assembles them into the proteins it needs to perform its function. However, if there are not enough of a given building block then the cells cannot create the proteins that it needs to function and system failure may occur. This is why it is crucial for a healthy diet to contain all the proper proteins (USDA, 00).

This balance is what is so difficult for the poor to obtain especially in developing nations where food is often in short supply to begin with. Short term solutions include providing food directly to the effect individuals but long term solutions are needed. These may include public health and education programs. This can be helpful because the higher the education people have the better choices they are able to make about their lifestyles, diets and those of their children.

For hospital patients screening and monitoring of dietary intake and weight loss should be a priority. Patients should be screened upon admission for illness or other factors that could make them susceptible to PEM. Those that are at risk should be provided with an even higher and more diligent monitoring of their diets and caloric intake.

Cure And Recovery

Treatment for PEM basically consists of providing adequate nutrition that will help restore normal balance and body weight. This treatment should be coupled with any other necessary treatments for other medical conditions, especially those which may have contributed to the malnutrition. In many cases feeding through alternate methods such as a feeding tube is necessary for patients who are unable to physically or unwilling to eat protein rich foods (Hendrick Health Systems, 00).

Initial treatment for severe cases begins with returning the body's fluid and electrolyte balance to normal, and treating any infections with antibiotics that will not have an adverse effect on the absorption of proteins. Continuing treatment and the addition of essential nutrients to the diet is done slowly so the body is not overwhelmed by the sudden dietary changes and stressing of the immune system (Hendrick Health Systems, 00).

Patients can often lose up to 10% of their overall body weight with no long term effects. However, patients with severe PEM that loose more than 40% almost always loose their lives. The death in those cases is generally due to heart failure, as is often seen in people afflicted by Anorexia (Hendrick Health Systems, 00).

Recovery times are different between marasmus and kwashiorkor. Marasmus often takes longer and some, especially children never completely recover. There are not any hard facts on the long term effects of malnutrition during childhood. Some children can completely recover and have no ill effects, while others have many lifelong disorders including the inability to properly absorb nutrients or mental retardation (Hendrick Health Systems, 00).

Conclusion

While PEM is not a disorder that impacts a large segment of the population within developed western nations it is a worldwide issue. The lack of access to proper nutrition either due to geographic, political or economic issues is a growing concern for many. The establishment of effective monitoring for hospital and nursing home patients, education and food programs may potentially have a positive effect on those people who are at risk of PEM. The establishment of long term food programs to provide essential nutrition to the children of the developing world is by far and away the most critical.

References

Hendrick Health Systems. (00). Online. http//www.ehendrick.org/healthy/00110.htm Retrieved from the World Wide Web May 16, 00.

USDA. (00). Online http//www.usda.gov/ Retrieved from the World Wide Web May 16, 00.

World Health Organization (00). Online http//www.who.org Retrieved from the World Wide Web May 16, 00.

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Industrialization and Urbanization of America

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The Industrialization and Urbanization of America

In the late 1th century and early 0th century, industrialization began to change the complexion of the American population, moving many from rural communities into the cities and many from the urban areas of the cities to its suburban areas. This change had many positive and negative effects but overall the positive effects outweighed the negative ones.

One of the main reasons for the population shift was the instillation of large factories in big cities. These plants attracted millions of workers into the cities' urban areas, and by 100 the urban population in New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia had swelled to 6.5 million each.

Citizens in these large cities enjoyed the benefits of electric lighting in the cities, along with transportation provided first by horse cars and later by trolly. The municipal government also improved in these cities, becoming more centralized and better administered. These governments undertook numerous public projects, such as water aqueducts and sewage systems.

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Unfortunately, as the cities began to see these great improvements, so they saw the negative effects of urbanization. The overabundance of new citizens in these cities inevitably meant overcrowding, with many families living in cramped, airless apartments. The streets in these areas were filthy and badly maintained, and during early springtime, when the snow began to melt, the streets often turned into filthy, garbage filled rivers. In many cities, the smog from the factories nearly blocked out the sun.

Many of the elite moved out of the cities and into the surrounding country sides, where the air was free of smog and the noise of the big city was nowhere to be heard. The advancements in transportation, such as new railway systems, allowed them to move for distances from their places of occupation, building impressive mansions on huge plots of land. Despite the rush to the outskirts some of the rich opted to stay in the city, and helped create high class neighborhoods in the heart of the city. For example, Fifth Avenue in Manhattan and the Gold Coast in Chicago were high class neighborhoods centered in the cities.

The poor were hit hardest and most negatively by the urban changes. As land values climbed after the civil war, many of the small homes and shacks which they occupied were torn down and replaced with cheaply constructed buildings designed to house the masses. These new tenements had poor plumbing, were cramped, and often times were very unsafe. City planners attempted to solve the problems with building codes, such as New York's Tenement House Law of 101, which required interior courts, indoor toilets, and fire safeguards. The problem with codes such as this was that they guided the construction of new structures but had little effect on those buildings already existing.

As for the middle class, they migrated to the suburban world, which provided a safe and comfortable location for family life. The middle class of the past had been made up of lawyers, doctors, merchants, and proprietors, but with the industrialization they were joined by managers, accountants, engineers, chemists, salesmen, and advertising executives, among others. By 110 almost million people held white collar jobs, compromising a fourth of all employed Americans. Middle class families became smaller, with the average family consisting of two parents and three children.

Many immigrants took residence in the big cities in the early twentieth century, usually in congested downtown ghettos or outlying factory districts. Immigrants tended to settle by ethnic group, sectioning themselves off from other groups by neighborhood. These groups became tight nit communities which aided each other in times of need. For example, the Italians of Chicago organized mutual aid societies that provided help in times of sickness and death.

Religion remained a very important aspect of American life during this era. African Americans sought a place of refuge form racism and discrimination, and the church provided that place. Emigrating Jews from Eastern Europe held on to tradition, such as keeping a kosher kitchen and conducting services in Hebrew, among others. Catholics struggled with issues of change, on issues such as intermarriage with non Catholics. Protestants tried to accommodate the changing make-up of the urban population by offering nurseries, clubhouses, and vocational schools.

In conclusion, the urbanization and industrialization of the late 1th century and early 0th century did have both positive and negative effects. What is more important though, is that the positive effects certainly outweighed the negative ones.

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