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The Industrialization and Urbanization of America
In the late 1th century and early 0th century, industrialization began to change the complexion of the American population, moving many from rural communities into the cities and many from the urban areas of the cities to its suburban areas. This change had many positive and negative effects but overall the positive effects outweighed the negative ones.
One of the main reasons for the population shift was the instillation of large factories in big cities. These plants attracted millions of workers into the cities' urban areas, and by 100 the urban population in New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia had swelled to 6.5 million each.
Citizens in these large cities enjoyed the benefits of electric lighting in the cities, along with transportation provided first by horse cars and later by trolly. The municipal government also improved in these cities, becoming more centralized and better administered. These governments undertook numerous public projects, such as water aqueducts and sewage systems.
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Unfortunately, as the cities began to see these great improvements, so they saw the negative effects of urbanization. The overabundance of new citizens in these cities inevitably meant overcrowding, with many families living in cramped, airless apartments. The streets in these areas were filthy and badly maintained, and during early springtime, when the snow began to melt, the streets often turned into filthy, garbage filled rivers. In many cities, the smog from the factories nearly blocked out the sun.
Many of the elite moved out of the cities and into the surrounding country sides, where the air was free of smog and the noise of the big city was nowhere to be heard. The advancements in transportation, such as new railway systems, allowed them to move for distances from their places of occupation, building impressive mansions on huge plots of land. Despite the rush to the outskirts some of the rich opted to stay in the city, and helped create high class neighborhoods in the heart of the city. For example, Fifth Avenue in Manhattan and the Gold Coast in Chicago were high class neighborhoods centered in the cities.
The poor were hit hardest and most negatively by the urban changes. As land values climbed after the civil war, many of the small homes and shacks which they occupied were torn down and replaced with cheaply constructed buildings designed to house the masses. These new tenements had poor plumbing, were cramped, and often times were very unsafe. City planners attempted to solve the problems with building codes, such as New York's Tenement House Law of 101, which required interior courts, indoor toilets, and fire safeguards. The problem with codes such as this was that they guided the construction of new structures but had little effect on those buildings already existing.
As for the middle class, they migrated to the suburban world, which provided a safe and comfortable location for family life. The middle class of the past had been made up of lawyers, doctors, merchants, and proprietors, but with the industrialization they were joined by managers, accountants, engineers, chemists, salesmen, and advertising executives, among others. By 110 almost million people held white collar jobs, compromising a fourth of all employed Americans. Middle class families became smaller, with the average family consisting of two parents and three children.
Many immigrants took residence in the big cities in the early twentieth century, usually in congested downtown ghettos or outlying factory districts. Immigrants tended to settle by ethnic group, sectioning themselves off from other groups by neighborhood. These groups became tight nit communities which aided each other in times of need. For example, the Italians of Chicago organized mutual aid societies that provided help in times of sickness and death.
Religion remained a very important aspect of American life during this era. African Americans sought a place of refuge form racism and discrimination, and the church provided that place. Emigrating Jews from Eastern Europe held on to tradition, such as keeping a kosher kitchen and conducting services in Hebrew, among others. Catholics struggled with issues of change, on issues such as intermarriage with non Catholics. Protestants tried to accommodate the changing make-up of the urban population by offering nurseries, clubhouses, and vocational schools.
In conclusion, the urbanization and industrialization of the late 1th century and early 0th century did have both positive and negative effects. What is more important though, is that the positive effects certainly outweighed the negative ones.
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