Social Differentiation

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INSOCIO

SOCIAL DIFFERENTIATION PROBLEMS OF INEQUALITY

Social Stratification- the division of society in such a way that some people get more

rewards than others.

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Bases of Stratification

1. Wealth

major classes

1. Capitalists- are those who own the means of production and hire others

. Workers- neither owns the means of production nor employs others;

hence they are forced to work for capitalists.

1 minor class

1. Small capitalists- owns the means of production but do most of the

work together.

. Power- the ability to control the behaviour of others, even against their will.

- Associated with wealth

- Most sociologists agree that people with more wealth tend to have more

power.

Marxist Theorists- group consists of capitalists

- Capitalists set the limits of political debate of the governments

actions, protecting their own interests

Elite Theorists- a lot of power resides in what C. Wright Mills called the Power

Elite

Power Elite- a small group of individuals who hold top positions in the

federal government, military and corporations and who have

similar backgrounds, values and interests

Plurarist Theorists- argue that power is not tightly concentrated, but widely

Dispersed

. Prestige- also called the Status System

Status System- a system in which people are stratified according

to their social prestige

- Prestige differs from wealth and power. Wealth and power are objective entities, but prestige is subjective.

Status Inconsistency- the condition in which the same individual is given

conflicting status rankings, such as being high in occupation

but low in ethnicity or gender.

STARTIFICATION SYSTEMS A GLOBAL VIEW

1. Egalitarian System- believing in human ethnicity

= Hunting-gathering societies are the most egalitarian

Tend to be egalitarian primarily because there is hardly any opportunity in

their small-scale environment for anyone to accumulate wealth

. Master-slave System- some people are held in servitude as someone else's

Property

= The emergence of slavery has partly been attributed to the great accumulation

of wealth in those ancient societies that could produce huge food surpluses with

improved technology

= Some modern slavery is similar to the ancient form of human bondage called

CHATTEL SLAVERY

= Most slaves today fall victim to debt bondage

Debt Bondage- forces whole families to work in fruitless efforts to pay off

Loans

. Feudal System- less extreme in practicing inequality

groups of stratified societies

1. Serfs or peasants- those who worked the land

. lords or landlords- those who appropriated some of the produce and labor

of the other

= The feudal system today persists only in a few places in Latin America

4. Caste system- feudal and master-slave are similar to caste system, a relatively

rigid stratification system in which people's positions are ascribed

and fixed.

ORDER OF CASTE SYSTEM

1. Brahmins (priests and scholars)

. Warriors

. Merchants

4. Artisans and menial workers

5. Untouchables

= Untouchables are in effect outcasts and could almost never become members of a higher caste

= Members of higher caste fear that they would suffer ritual pollution if they touched an outcast or passed through the shadow of an outcast.

5. Class System- less rigidly segregated than the caste system

- A relatively open stratification system in which people's positions is achieved and changeable

- Primary form of stratification in virtually all societies around the globe

Kuznets Curve- the changing relationship between development and inequality

- named after Simon Kuznets

NEW APPROACHES TO STRATIFICATION

1. Feminist Perspective

= The traditional study of stratification focuses on men only. Their income, occupation, and education are often used to determine not only their own social class but also that of women who are their daughters or wives.

= Thus, to feminist, gender inequality should be considered a key part of a society's social stratification. A person's gender should be used, along with the traditional indicators of social class, to determine the individual's class.

. Social Diversity

types of ascribed stratification

1. Age- the same individuals experience within their life span both advantages at a younger age and disadvantages at an advanced age.

. Gender- discrimination against women creates a loss for all female individuals but no net loss for families with an equal number of females and males.

. Ethnic- discrimination hurts all minority individuals and families

IDENTIFYING CLASSES

Social class- category of people who have about the same amount of income, power and prestige.

different methods for identifying a person's class

1. Reputational Method- identifying social classes by selecting a group of people and asking them to rank others.

= The Reputational method is useful for investigating the class structure of a small community where everybody knows practically everybody else.

Disadvantages

1. Cannot be applied to large cities because it is impossible to find individuals who know thousands of other people.

. It is impossible to generalize the findings from one community to another because the informants can judge only their own community.

. It is impossible to finds unanimity among the reputation judges in a community.

. Subjective Method- identifying social classes by asking people to rank themselves

. Objective Method- involves identifying social classes using income, occupation, and education to rank people

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Isalam

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what is lislam,whta are the different religion . every wants to know that.In his first chapter, Economy, Thoreau introduces his purpose in writing the book, saying he intends to answer questions people have asked about his reasons for living alone in a cabin in the woods near Walden Pond for two years. He explains that most people live their lives as if sleeping, blindly following the ways of their parents, and become trapped into these lives by owning property and slaving in jobs to maintain their way of life. In contrast, he sought to discover the true necessities of life and built a cabin, for the cost of $8. 1 _ near Walden Pond, where he lived for two years, beginning in the summer of 1845. Making a profit of $8.71 _ by selling the beans he grew and working occasionally at odd jobs, he found he was able to support himself with very little work and much time for contemplation of himself and nature.

Thoreau, in the second chapter, Where I Lived, and What I Lived For, talks about how he once considered buying the Hollowell farm for himself but the purchase fell through. Instead, he created a new existence for himself at Walden, where he found joy and fulfillment in nature, truly awakening in his mornings there, while most of society remains perpetually asleep, living mean lives when the possibility of a much better life is possible. The key to achieving such a life, he says, is simplicity. In the third chapter, Reading, Thoreau describes how he derives enlightenment from reading Homer and other great writers, men who spoke of the truth and speak of life in terms too noble for most to understand. Most of society, however, is not content to strive after such truths and instead wastes their time reading popular fiction and newspapers, when they should instead be dedicated to improving the intellectual culture, making the village of Concord become a university.

However, as Thoreau relates in the fourth chapter, Sounds, he spent his time during his first summer at Walden hoeing beans, rather than reading, or sitting all morning watching and listening to the birds. That reverie is broken by the whistle and rumble of the passing train, which reminds Thoreau of the destruction of nature and country life by progress and industrialization. In the evening, the hoots of the owls make him melancholy, reminding him of human cries of sorrow. In the fifth chapter, Solitude, Thoreau feels so much a part of nature that he scoffs at the suggestion of one of his townsmen that he might be lonely at Walden. Instead, he relates his distaste at village life, where people see too much of each other, so that human interaction becomes trivial. In the sixth chapter, Visitors, Thoreau is pleased that those who would bother him with trivial matters dont visit him at Walden. Instead, his visitors are Canadian woodcutter, whose straightforward thinking and love of life please Thoreau. Other visitors include half-wits from the almshouse, who Thoreau thinks are more intellectual than most overseers, and men of business, who no longer really enjoy nature. The happiest people to visit the pond are children and young women.

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Simon Birch: A film about a boy who was not an Outsider

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Simon Birch Journal Entry

By Alyssa Schankman

Simon Birch is a film about outsiders, friendship, and love and sacrifice revolving around the life of a diminutive twelve-year-old boy named Simon. It captures the answers to the questions studied in the course of English thus far during the short story "The Lady or the Tiger" and the novels A Separate Peace and Lord of the Flies. In the film, Simon acted as an outsider, a friend, and a sacrifice. As all those things, Simon became a hero.

I believe Simon was the key to learning the answer to the first question, "Who Are the Outsiders?" If Simon were in Lord of the Flies, he would have been like Ralph and Piggy, but he would have taught them that being an outsider could make someone a hero. Simon had power when he was an outsider, but Ralph and Piggy didn't. That's because Simon had faith. He believed in others and in himself. Simon knew he wasn't meant to just be an ill-treated outsider all his life. So the answer to this essential question would be Simon is an outsider, but he finds good out of the situation.

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In Simon Birch, there were two other outsiders as well. In the beginning of the film, Ben was an outsider. Joe and Simon didn't want to accept him into their lives in the beginning, but later on they had to turn to him for help and he no longer was an outsider. That was the same case with Samneric in Lord of the Flies. Jack didn't want to accept them into his group in the beginning because they hung around with other outsiders, but in the end Samneric were with Jack. All the way throughout the novel, Joe also was a type of outsider. Simon caused Joe to be an outsider, because Joe hung around with Simon and was friends with him, so everyone else saw Joe as an outsider. In the novel Joe could be related to Ralph, who became an outsider during the novel because he was Piggy's friend.

In the film, Simon also gave us the answer to the question "What are the Obligations of Friendship". In the novel A Separate Peace, Gene ended up failing all of the obligations of friendship, so he wasn't a good friend to anybody. Simon, however, knew that the obligations of friendship were love, care, loyalty, honesty, trust, and faith, and he lived up to them to be a good friend to Joe, Mrs. Wentworth, Ben, and even Reverend Russell. Simon fulfilled these obligations with these people in many ways. First of all, Simon showed love and care to Mrs. Wentworth. He always said hi to her and talked to her and was really nice to her whenever he saw her, so in return she became a friend to him and showed him love also by going to his baseball games and making him a sweater. Also, Simon showed faith, honesty, and trust to Reverend Russell. Although the Reverend didn't accept what Simon showed him, or believe in it, Simon was still a good friend to him. Simon taught Reverend Russell about God's plan, and he gave the Reverend faith that God had a plan for everyone. In the end of the film, Simon and the Reverend trusted each other. That was because Simon was honest with the Reverend in everything he told him. That was an obligation of friendship that Simon showed the Reverend existed between people. Simon gave the obligations of friendship to the Reverend to give to his son, Joe.

Simon also was a good friend to Ben and Joe. When Joe made it clear that he didn't want anything from Ben, and he didn't want Ben in his life, Simon cared about Ben and tried to be nice and grateful that he could befriend such a nice person. In A Separate Peace, that's how Gene should have been towards Leper, but instead Gene shunned Leper away like Joe did to Ben. The ultimate friendship in the film, between Joe and Simon, was achieved. Simon showed Joe every single obligation. Simon taught Joe faith, to believe in himself and God's plan, he showed love and care to Joe when Joe's mom died, Simon was honest with Joe, admitting that he swung the bat that led Joe's mother to death, Simon trusted in and believed in Joe, and Simon was loyal to Joe and stood up for him and stood by him. This was a lot like Finny with Finny and Gene's friendship. Although Gene failed as a friend, Finny was a lot like Simon in the friendship. Finny tried to give Gene faith, Finny had faith in Gene as a person, Finny cared for Gene, and Gene wasn't honest with Finny, but Finny was very honest with Gene. Finny was loyal to Gene and trusted Gene, who later failed him in the end of the novel.

Simon Birch also portrays the answer to the question "Is Sacrifice Necessary for Love to Exist?" In the end of the novel, Simon is a sacrifice. Simon sacrifices himself because he loves and cares about all the children that were on the bus. Also, the sacrifice Simon made was necessary for the true love between him and Joe to exist, because Simon believes that was God's plan for him. In "The Lady or the Tiger," the lady had a choice to either sacrifice her lover to a tiger or another lady. Simon didn't have a choice about his sacrifice; he had to sacrifice his life because he loved everybody.

All three of these questions can relate to each other and it is seen in the film how they do. Simon uses the obligations of friendship to become a hero even though he is considered an outsider. By the time Simon sacrifices his life to save the children, he is no longer an outsider, because everyone truly loves him.

Please note that this sample paper on Simon Birch: A film about a boy who was not an Outsider is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Simon Birch: A film about a boy who was not an Outsider, we are here to assist you. Your essay on Simon Birch: A film about a boy who was not an Outsider will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Charismatic Leadership

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RUNNING HEAD CHARISMATIC LEADERSHIP

Charismatic Leadership

Connie King

Leadership 7001 Foundations of Leadership

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Assignment 1

NOVA Southeastern University

November 18, 00

Abstract

Many leaders, past and present, have been identified as charismatic leaders. The author explains the history of charismatic leadership and its characteristics. Different charismatic leaders and their leadership characteristics are discussed. An explanation of the characteristics and behaviors of followers of charismatic leaders is discussed. Cultural and situational charismatic leaders are explained and why certain individuals originate as leaders. A comparison and relationship between transformational, transactional, and charismatic leadership styles is discussed.

Charismatic Leadership

Society is made up of many different types of leaders. One of these types is charismatic leadership. Charismatic leadership was introduced around the turn of the century and has been researched and studied ever since. The leaders that are defined as charismatic leaders display characteristics that followers relate to. Charismatic leaders' posses' characteristics that enable them to win follower's respect and support for his or her beliefs or visions. Leaders from all walks of life both good and bad have been identified as charismatic leaders because of their ability to persuade others that their beliefs were right. The history, characteristics, charismatic leaders, and charisma related to other leadership styles will be discussed in this paper. Charismatic leadership can be a forceful leadership style that can be used to improve societies and organizations or it can also be used for detrimental purposes.

The German sociologist Max Weber is the person responsible for introducing the idea of charisma as being a type of leadership. Weber believed that leaders who possessed charismatic leadership qualities were highly esteemed persons. Due to his research on leadership, sociologist began to study the concept of charisma in both social and political walks of life in the early twentieth century.

Talcott Parsons is widely credited with importing Weber to the United States; Parson's introduced his work The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism in 17 which dominated American sociology for decades. Parson's view of Weber's ideas was challenged over the decades by famous sociologist such as Pope, Cohen and Hazelrigg. They believed that Parson's views of Weber's ideas were distorted by misinterpreting the German's original ideas.

Lowell Bennion was the first person responsible for making available Weber's original ideas in the United States. He translated Weber's ideas and writings from German to English in a dissertation, Max Webster's Methodology, where only a hundred copies were published in 1. Bennion's dissertation was written 1 years after Weber's death and was influenced by scholars who were Weber's contemporaries. (DiPadova, 16)

According to DiPadova, Weber introduced the concept of charisma when viewing authority in regards to religion. In this he describes three types of power

1) charismatic authority ("the external or internal rule over man made possible by the faith of the ruled in this supernatural power of the leader")

) traditional authority ("the traditionalistic rule of man is based on the faith in that which has always been"); and

) rational-legal authority (based on impersonal rules and norms. Its typical representative is the bureaucratic rule made possible by the victory of the formal juridic rationalism of the Occident") From these three types of power sociologist began to research Weber's authoritative leadership ideas. Charismatic leadership was not researched strongly until the 170's where sociologists began to survey and experiment with charismatic leadership ideas. (DiPadova, 16)

Since Weber introduced the idea of charismatic leadership into society, many charismatic leaders have been identified. Leaders that are considered charismatic leaders tend to have similar basic characteristics. These characteristics are

1) Self-confidence and self assurance

) Need for power and low authoritarianism

) Expert power

4) Referent power

5) Communications and rhetorical skills

6) Assertive, dynamic, outgoing, and forceful

Leaders such as John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King, Charles Manson, and Adolph Hitler were considered charismatic leaders. All four leaders possessed self-confidence and self assurance along with other charismatic characteristics. They believed in their "vision" whether good or bad. As leaders they were able to persuade others to follow and fight for the vision they essentially believed in. Many followers believed so whole-heartily in the vision that they committed murder and even suicide.

People that follow the charismatic leader possess many of the same characteristics as their leaders. Characteristics of followers

1) Identify with the leader and the leader's beliefs

) Heightened emotional levels

) Willing subordination to the leader

4) Feelings of empowerment

Followers of charismatic leaders often follow there leaders blindly because the leader is so confident in his beliefs that whatever the leader says or does is accepted by all without comment or thought. Leaders of religious cults and sects often attract followers that are lonely and insecure; these followers are looking for someone that will take control of their "pathetic" lives and many are looking for a place to belong.

Some sociologist believes that a person becomes a charismatic leader if the situation arises. These situational charismatic leaders form characteristics similar to the following

1) Crises

) Task interdependence

) Innovation

4) More receptive to change

5) Organizational downsizing

Lee Iacocca became a charismatic leader because of the situation at hand. He was able to pull the Chrysler Corporation back into being because of his charismatic leadership abilities. Cultural charismatic leaders often arise when cultures and their cultural values are threatened. These situational leaders promote unlearning and the search for new actions. Many arise when traditional authority cannot meet an organization's need for leadership. Charismatic leaders often appear because the culture is expecting or prophesizing the leader's arrival. When this happens certain characteristics contribute to charismatic leadership. These characteristics are

1.) Social crises

.) Carries or spreads a "message"

.) Stimulates guilt or shame

4.) Supernatural stature is assimilated

Charismatic leaders that evolve because of cultural unrest tend to be religious leaders that followers think of as "prophets" or "saints", these leaders become the route to salvation.

Charismatic leadership can have both a negative and a positive impact on society and organizations. In the United States alone charismatic leaders such as John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King used there leadership abilities to make society a better place for all individuals and races to live and work. While on the other hand Charles Manson used his charismatic leadership abilities to persuade his followers to commit horrendous murders on random individuals. Hitler convinced millions that his beliefs were the only true beliefs; in turn his followers committed murders because they believed in Hitler's vision. Few studies have been made on the impact of charismatic leadership on society and organizations. Charismatic leaders that impact society can be distinguished as ethical or unethical charismatic. The ethical charismatic wants what is good for society or the organization and its members, while the unethical charismatic is motivated by personal power and achievement and pursues anything which makes him or her look better and stronger.

Transformational leadership is the leadership defined by a work-based exchange relationship. In this relationship the leader promotes alignment by providing fair extrinsic rewards and appealing to the intrinsic motivation of the collaborators. Transactional leadership is the leadership defined by an economically-based exchange relationship. In this relationship the leader promotes uniformity by providing extrinsic (positive or negative) rewards to the collaborators. Transformational leadership is the opposite of transactional leadership. Transformational leaders tend to be concerned with values, ethics, standards, and long-term goals, while transactional leaders focus on exchanges between leader and follower. Many politicians are elected to office because they are transactional leaders; they promise the voters to change laws and policies in exchange for their vote. A person can be both transformational and transactional depending upon the situation. Evangelists for instance are transformational leaders when they are trying to convert followers to their religion and at the same instance they are transactional leaders when they entice their followers to contribute money in exchange for a new worship area or prayer book. Transactional leadership tends to be transitory; the leader is effective as long as the relationship between leader and follower is mutually beneficial. Transformational leadership tends to have a strong bond or hold on its followers, there is no need to "dangle" promises and gifts. Transformational leaders have followers because the followers believe in the same vision as the leader. The transformational leader places the follower on a pedestal almost as high as the one he or she is preaching from. The leader makes the follower feel important and that the follower is making a great contribution to the vision.

In transformational leadership, charisma plays a major role. Charisma is defined as a special personality trait that gives an individual superhuman or exceptional power. Leaders that possess charisma appear to be competent and have high expectations for themselves and their followers. They also articulate ideological goals to their followers. These characteristics that define a charismatic individual is the same characteristics or traits that a transformational leader possess. Some sociologist interchanges transformational leadership with charismatic leadership because the two are closely related. Charismatic and transformational leadership provide the followers with a vision and a sense of mission, they instill pride among their followers. Charismatic leadership, intellectual stimulation, and inspirational leadership are components of transformational leadership.

Charismatic leadership throughout this century has development into a strong, forceful leadership style. The charismatic leader must possess characteristics that make him or her almost superhuman and mystical. Leaders and followers must share the same visions and goals for the charismatic leader to survive. Charismatic leadership qualities are mutually shared by other leadership styles such as transformational and transactional leadership. Charisma is a trait that a successful leader should have to become an effective leader. As spoken by Bass in 185 he states that, "Charisma is in the eye of the beholder and, therefore, is relative to the beholder. Nevertheless, the charismatic leader actively shapes and enlarges his or her audience through energy, self-confidence, assertiveness, ambition, and opportunities seized."

References

Avolio, B. J. & Gibbons, T. C., Developing transformational leaders A life span

approach, In Conger, J. and Kanungo, R. (Eds.), Charismatic leadership The elusive factor in organizational effectiveness. pp. 76-08. San Francisco Jossey-Bass.

Bass, Bernard M., Bass & Stogdill's Handbook of Leadership, Theory, Research, and

Managerial Applications. rd edition, 10 New York The Free Press

Bass, B.M. (185). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York Free

Press

Cardona, P. Transcendental leadership, Journal of Workplace Learning Employee

Counseling Today from http//www.managementfirst.com/practical_management/leadership_styles.htm

Charismatic leadership, manipulation and the complexity of organizational life. Journal

of Workplace Learning Employee Counseling Today, 1 (000) from http//www.managementfirst.com/practical_management/art_char.htm

DiPadova, L. N. (16) Towards a Weberian management theory lessons from Lowell

Bennios's neglected masterwork. Journal of Management of History, , pp. 5-74

Gibson, J.W., Hannon, J.C., & Blackwell, C.W. (188). Charismatic leadership the

hidden controversy. The Journal of Leadership Studies, 5(4)

Humphreys, John J., (00) Transformational leader behavior, proximity, and successful

services marketing. Journal of Services Marketing, 16 (6), pp. 487-50

Popper, M. & Zakkai, E. (16) Transactional, charismatic and transformational

leadership Conditions conducive to their predominance. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 15, pp. -7

References

Avolio, B. J. & Gibbons, T. C., Developing transformational leaders A life span

approach, In Conger, J. and Kanungo, R. (Eds.), Charismatic leadership The elusive factor in organizational effectiveness. pp. 76-08. San Francisco Jossey-Bass.

Bass, Bernard M., Bass & Stogdill's Handbook of Leadership, Theory, Research, and

Managerial Applications. rd edition, 10 New York The Free Press

Bass, B.M. (185). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York Free

Press

Cardona, P. Transcendental leadership, Journal of Workplace Learning Employee

Counseling Today from http//www.managementfirst.com/practical_management/leadership_styles.htm

Charismatic leadership, manipulation and the complexity of organizational life. Journal

of Workplace Learning Employee Counseling Today, 1 (000) from http//www.managementfirst.com/practical_management/art_char.htm

DiPadova, L. N. (16) Towards a Weberian management theory lessons from Lowell

Bennios's neglected masterwork. Journal of Management of History, , pp. 5-74

Gibson, J.W., Hannon, J.C., & Blackwell, C.W. (188). Charismatic leadership the

hidden controversy. The Journal of Leadership Studies, 5(4)

Humphreys, John J., (00) Transformational leader behavior, proximity, and successful

services marketing. Journal of Services Marketing, 16 (6), pp. 487-50

Popper, M. & Zakkai, E. (16) Transactional, charismatic and transformational

leadership Conditions conducive to their predominance. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 15, pp. -7

Please note that this sample paper on Charismatic Leadership is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Charismatic Leadership, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Charismatic Leadership will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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What about me?

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A Midsummernights Dream

By bob hope

In act two of this play, the reader learns of a quarrel between the king of the fairies, Oberon, and his queen, Titania. We later see the development of this quarrel into a dispute which the king is intent on resolving along with that of two passing mortals whose conversation we happen to overhear. Through the scene, we see Oberon's character develop into a fairly well -rounded personality, and we see the set up for the main plot of the entire play. Oberon wishes to drop love blossom juice into Titania's eyes so that he can gain back his wife's affections. In the beginning of this act, we see that Oberon is jealous that Titania's attention and time has been spent with her new page. By putting the Queen under the spell of this flower, causing her to look the fool, and then relinquishing her from this spell, the king is certain she will concede and "make her render up her page to [him]. (.1.185)" With the beginning of this act, we see Oberon as a jealous creature who feels that because he has control over nature, he should also have control over his wife. Early in the act, at the first entrance of Oberon and Titania, we first see this bitterness emerge. "What jealous Oberon, skip hence. I have foresworn his bed and company. (.1.6)" Says Titania when she first sees Oberon, basically telling him to get out of here. To which Oberon replies "Tarry, rash wanton; am I not thy lord? (1..6)" Oberon's response here shows his dominant attitude towards Titania, and her initial statement shows she is mad at him, and has no intention of submission to his will. They go on like this for quite awhile, with Titania accusing Her mate of adultery, and Oberon saying the same of her. They continue to argue for many lines until Oberon finally commands her to leave and asks Puck to enter (.1.146 154). The dialogue at the beginning shows us the start of this clever subplot and also sets up the comedy that ensues later in the play. Also, it appears Oberon shows a tender side as he takes pity on Helena, perhaps understanding her situation with Demetrius. Helena is in love with this man, who does not return the favor, and given Oberon's recent trouble gaining Titania's affections, he seems to want to help. He instructs Puck that after he puts the nectar in Titania's eyes, he should seek out Dimetrius and "Anoint his eyes / But do it when the next thing he espies / May be the lady. (.1.61 )" This gesture by Oberon seems to show that he is taking pity on the poor mortal, perhaps to make himself feel better about his current situation with his own Love. This first scene of act two beautifully sets up the plot for the rest of the play. We see the gods begin to interact with the mortals, and see that they are prone to human problems which makes their mistakes later in the play more believable, as gods are usually believed to be infallible. Through the entire scene, Oberon's character develops from a heartless ruler, to a kinder man intent on fixing not just his own problems, but those of the mortals who are oblivious to his presence.

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Iwo jima

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World War II was a time of uncertainty and heartache all over the world. Millions of young men were being sent off to battle and would not return. It was a time of mass bloodshed and confusion. During war between the United States and the Empire of Japan, on a tiny volcanic island in the South Pacific lied the spot of one of the most important US battles against Japan. The Battle of Iwo Jima – a fierce battle during Pacific conflicts of World War II- did not merely serve as a landing zone for Bomber planes under distress located 750 miles from Tokyo, the conquering of the highly fortified Island gave US Marines and Americans alike a strong sense of American Pride.

Under direct orders from President Roosevelt, Admiral Chester William Nimitz , On Christmas 1941, was ordered to take command as Commander in Chief, Pacific fleet or (CinCPac). The New CinCPac directed operations in Hawaii not far from Pearl Harbor, from atop the extinct volcano known as Makalapa. Under the tightest military security was a four-story concrete building where military leaders would continue to meet to plan the pacific division of the war. Nimitz assignment personally given in the Oval office by President Roosevelt was to defend Hawaii and fight, for months and possibly years, with what remained of decimated United States military power in the pacific. (Ross, 2-9)

Commander of the Japanese was brilliant Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto. Yamamoto was the mastermind behind Pearl Harbor. Aware of the industrial superiority of the United States in a prolonged war he said, "Unless the American fleet is put out of action by 1942, the balance of power will shift to the United States and that will be the end." At the time the US was outgunned and outnumbered so Japanese action had to be taken at once. Guam, Wake Island, and the Philippines were quickly overrun. Soon after, the Aleutians were invaded, and Alaska threatened. But, just as expected by Yamamoto power soon shifted. (Ross, 7-13)

In the morning haze of June 3, 1942 Admiral Nimitz had set an ambush for the Japanese, at Midway. For Japan, controlling Midway meant tight control between United States and Hawaii, and the South Pacific and Australia. It would be a fine rendezvous point for carrier based attacks against the West Coast. For the next forty-three hours, the outcome of the war in the Pacific was left in shaky balance. On the morning of June 4 as the morning skies came ablaze with brilliant sunlight, the battle erupted in a furious confusion. It was a standoff until early afternoon when Nimitz sent the Hornet, with its fighters, dive-bombers, and torpedo planes swarming into the action. Spectacular dogfights cluttered the skies, and in the end heavy black smoke rose thousands of feet into the sky signaling the Japanese had failed to conquer the island of Midway. (Ross, 19)

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Now the United States swung its own attack. Each military campaign from there on became bigger, more costly, more complicated, and always crucial to the long journey to Japan. Marines invaded and suffered heavy casualties in key strongholds: Guadalcanal, Guam, Saipan, Bourgainville, Tarawa, and Peleliu. During this time, around October 1944, allied forces were on the offensive on all fronts of the global war. The next step in Army Commander MacArthur's plan was the recapture of the entire Philippines and the seizure of Okinawa and Formosa, and land a million man force on the Chinese Mainland. From there could be mounted the final invasion and conquest of Japan. (Ross, 23-26)

Pulverizing the heartland of Japan through brutal air attacks had given the United States an advantage. The bomb run to Japan had always been dangerous at best. The main reason for this was the Island of Iwo Jima. With this tiny island 800 miles from Japan in their hands, using their primitive radar, Japanese interceptors were able to lift off, gain altitude, and ambush Japan-bound formations in devastating numbers. Rather than MacArthurs' plan to take South Chinese mainland, on September 7, 1944 the Admiral Nimitz assembled his admirals and generals to make plans for the invasion of Iwo Jima.

(Ross, 245)

Iwo Jima, a few miles of rock in the South

Pacific, was the location of one of the most

important battles for the US during WWII.

Iwo Jima is located in the South Pacific just 750 miles from Tokyo. The Island itself is only 8.5 square miles and is focused around Mt. Suribachi, a dormant 545-foot volcano, on the south side of the island. (Scribner,450) Iwo Jima means sulfur island, and is a volcanic island that was used to mine sulfur and refine sugar. The small island was covered in dense forest making great natural bunkers and trenches. (Perret, 399) The US occupied Iwo Jima until 1968, when it was returned to Japan.

Iwo Jima, one of the most important battles of World War II, took place on a tiny volcanic island in the South Pacific. But what was the Purpose of conquering this tiny island? American B-29 bombers were flying missions over Japan at the time but were suffering heavy losses on the long-range missions. Iwo Jima, well within striking distance of Tokyo, was seen as an ideal staging area for expanded bombing runs with fighter cover and a key location for damaged bombers to land in emergency situations. (Brown)The bombers were able to travel greater distances than smaller fighter planes, but without a nearby airfield they were forced to fly without proper fighter escort. It already had an airstrip for emergency landings, so it would be ideal for distressed American bombers. A geographically ideal spot, Iwo Jima was the most important island in the "Stepping Stone" operation of the United States.

Using new tactics and technology, the Japanese were able to slow down the inevitable conquering of their tiny tropical stronghold. Led by General Kurbayachi the Japanese constructed a massive fortress of defense of the island centered on Mt. Suribachi and overshadowed the southern landing beach. Instead of normal Japanese tactics of a beach defensive position at the waters edge, Kuribachi decided instead to defend from an elaborate system of tunnels, caves, and trenches dug into and throughout the island itself. (Frank, Oxford) Its defenses--the most elaborate, dense, and best integrated in the Pacific--included three airfields; over 730 major installations with 120 guns larger than 75mm; 220 large mortars, howitzers, and rocket launchers; and ten miles of underground tunnels linking hundreds of bunkers and blockhouses. (Iwo Jima) The island was guarded by more than 21,000 men armed with more than 1,000 heavy guns defended the small fierce island of Iwo Jima. (Wheal) Mt. Suribachi dominates both possible landing beaches. Mentally prepared, The Japanese focused their tactics around knowing they would all be killed. The goal was for each soldier was to kill 10 Americans before they were killed. General Kurbayachi showed this in a letter to his wife: "The enemy may land on this island soon. Once they do, we must follow the fate of those on Attu and Saipan. Our officers and men know about "Death" very well. I am sorry to end my life here, fighting the United States of America, but I want to defend this island as long as possible and to delay the enemy air raids on Tokyo." (Voda) Japanese gunners zeroed in on every inch of the landing beach. Blockhouses and pillboxes flanked the landing areas. Within, more heavy weapons stood ready to blast the attacking Marines. Machine guns criss-crossed the beaches with deadly interlocking fire. Rockets, anti-boat and anti-tank guns were also trained on the beaches. There were no front lines. It is possible that no other given area in the history of modern war has been so skillfully fortified by nature and by man.

Conquering this Island demanded a strategic military plan carried out using brute force. The United States used an "Island Hopping" strategy in the central Pacific kept the Japanese off balance and effectively isolated island defenders during the American advance toward Japan. (Alison) The tactics of the U.S. Marine Corps in the island-hopping drive across the central Pacific were controversial even during World War II. Critics, including elements of the

U.S. Army, argued that the Marines knew

only one way to fight--direct assault, cost what it might. (Ross/Random) To reduce US casualties from ground fighting, Iwo Jima received heavy US bombing from mid December all the way up until early February. Assigned to capture the Island was Marine Major General Harry Schidt leading his fifth Corps, that consisted of the third, fourth, and fifth divisions. On February 19, 1945 4th and 5th divisions of 5th Amphibious Marine Corps, With 3rd Marine division in rescue landed of the Island after 72 days of Air Bombardment. Admiral Nimitz describing US bombing of the Island said, "No other island during WWII received as much preliminary pounding as did Iwo." The US sent 110,000 marines to the island in 880 ships. (Frank/ Oxford)

The battle of Iwo Jima was one of the most bloody and widely known Battles of World War II. Shortly before 2am on Feb. 19, 1945, the Navy began firing on the Island Of Iwo Jima. Next 110 bombers bombed the tiny island until it looked like it had been torched. At 8:30 am 1954 the first wave of Marines were ordered to storm the beaches. Because the island was volcanic, the volcanic ash of the beaches made it impossible to dig foxholes. The Marines were sitting ducks for the heavy machine gunners and the trench hitting riflemen. The Marines were above ground and the Japanese were below them underground. The Marines rarely saw an alive Japanese soldier. The Japanese could see the Marines perfectly. Every Marine, everywhere on the island was always in range of Japanese guns. (Ross/ Legacy) The Battle was known as one of the most famous engagements in the "stepping stone" operation leading to the end of the pacific campaign of WWII. Historians described U.S. forces' attack against the Japanese defense as "throwing human flesh against reinforced concrete." After bitter fighting the US forces took Mt. Suribachi on February 23 1945, spot of the famous flag raising. The Japanese fought with astonishing bravery and made their last stand, up to the very last Japanese soldier in a rocky canyon now known as the "Bloody Gorge". (Perret, 399)

The most famous photo of WWII is unquestionably the flag raising of February 23, 1945. This photo, although staged of the previous flag raising that occurred earlier that day was atop Mt. Suribachi in which the fought inch by inch up the mountain. The photo was taken by Joe Rosenthal who one a Pulitzer prize for the photo. The survivors: Bradley, Hayes and Gagnon became national heroes within weeks. This photo means so much to us symbolically. IT shows the American rising up during a time of challenge and overcoming all odds and impossibilities.

The Iwo Jima accomplishment was a vital victory for the US, but very costly in Human Lives. 6,821 US soldiers were killed fighting the battle of Iwo Jima and 17,400 wounded. Easy Company started with 310 men. Some battalions lost a very high amount of soldiers: "We suffered 75% casualties. Only 50 men boarded the ship after the battle. Seven officers went into the battle with me. Only one--me--walked off Iwo." (Showalter) Captain Dave Severance Easy Company Commander. Iwo gave the United States a forward air base at the front door of the Japanese homeland, a bastion that cleared the way and made feasible the dropping of atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki to win the War. (Ross, 357) "The battle of Iwo Island has been won. By their victory, the 3d, 4th and 5th Marine Divisions and other units of the 5th Amphibious Corps have made an accounting to their country which only history will be able to value fully. (Isley) Among the Americans who served on Iwo Island, uncommon valor was a common virtue." -Admiral Chester W. Nimitz. The island itself served as an effective landing zone for distressed bombers saving more than 24,000 B-29 air-shipmen. The battle itself was a very costly for the Japanese as well, with more than 20,000 Japanese were killed and 1,083 captured. A total of one third of all the marines killed during World War II were killed in 36 days on an unknown island in the South Pacific, that is the size of Manhattan.

The inch by inch fighting and conquering of the tiny island gave prestige to the United States Marine Corps and every American troop. The brave troops going against extremely hostile foes gave rise to American spirit and national pride during WWII Iwo Jima was a bastion that cleared the war and made feasible the dropping of atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. United States Marines are now known for their fierce combat tactics, and will to never give up. The sacrifice of 6,821 soldiers helped save the lives of more than 24,000-air crew and created the possibility to drop the atomic bomb. Without these brave soldiers fighting and giving up their lives, the Japanese Empire would not have been defeated as quickly. (Ross, XV) (Frank, Oxford)

The Famous Picture gave raise to the famous statue. The flag-raising photo caused an immediate sensation across the country. Just two days after it was first seen in the US, Senators rose on the floor of the US Senate calling for a national monument modeled on the picture. The California State Legislature petitioned the Federal Government to build a grand monument. Thousands of ordinary American's wrote the President appealing for a monument to immortalize the picture they loved. Felix DeWeldon, an ambitious sculptor, had a clay replica of the picture sculpted within 72 hours of seeing the picture. DeErldon was hired and along with hundreds of other artisans, he worked 8 years to complete the memorial. Each figure is 32 feet high. The flagpole is 60 feet in length. (Ross, 255)It's the world's tallest bronze statue. It's stands 78 feet high. A cloth flag flies from the pole. The statue is located in the Arlington National cemetery. The cost of the statue was $850,000. No public funds were used. Private donations picked up the tab. The inscription at the bottom reads: "Uncommon Valor was a Common Virtue." (Iwo Jima)

It is difficult to understand what good can come from such a large loss of life. We must learn to respect and understand what these young men did for the greater good of our Country. It does not seem right for thousands of men of all different races to be killing one another on an island that looks more like a paradise than a battle field. These thousands of Marines died for their country, for 8.5 square miles. Without a Great War or a great depression, we seem to take for granted our forefather's sacrifice for our freedom. These men have given us so much strength from their bravery. After September 11th a common photo was the firefighters raising the American Flag amongst the rubble, very similar to the Iwo Jima flag raising. Brave acts like the flag raising of Iwo Jima have given us bravery and strength to keep our nation strong and faithful. Sepmer Fidelis.

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Females' Relationships in Virginia Wolf's "Mrs. Dalloway"

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Clarissa Dalloway, the main character in Virginia Wolf's "Mrs. Dalloway" is a complex figure that lives for her parties. Her relations with other women reveal as much about her personality as do her own musings. Wolf skillfully portrays the ways females interact sometimes drawing upon one another for things which they cannot get from men; other times, turning on each out of jealousy and insecurity. The novel although is in third person, focuses on Clarissa but moves from character to character, and the other characters provide insight into the persona of Clarissa. Wolf's purpose in creating a range of females characters with various ages and social status in the novel is to simply let the readers form their own views on Mrs. Dalloway. Wolf's does not create such a range of males characters, however, she creates enough males characters to show different views of Clarissa because after all, women are usually jealous of each other and their views are most of the time different from men's point of views.

Clarissa's relationship with the other characters males and females say a lot about her. For instance, Clarissa is Peter's first and only love. He blames her for all of his relationship problems after she refused to marry him. He is more reminiscent; he remembers the old Clarissa, in fact even the florist seems to notice a change in Clarissa, now known as Mrs. Dalloway. Clarissa's only gift to the world is her parties and she is quite known for that; Peter, however, knows that she has so much more to give and that there is so much more to perfect hostess. At the end, though Clarissa is as vain as she is, Peter sees her just as she is

"It is Clarissa,

For there she was." (Wolf, p. 14)

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Peter's views of Clarissa although might be tainted by love, shows that Clarissa is not as vain as she appears to do. Many well to do married women don't work and they throw parties to pass the time, to have fun, and to gossip about other women. Anyway, his view on her is one of the best insights on Clarissa's real persona. The other view on her Clarissa is portrays through her relationship with Sally Seton. In fact, no other females characters have or had a better relationship with Clarissa than Sally, not even Elizabeth Dalloway, her daughter.

As a young woman, Sally Seton was Clarissa's best friend, staying with Clarissa at Bourton because she was poorer than Clarissa was. Her relationship with Clarissa was quite positive; Sally enjoyed causing a raucous by making outrageous claims and acting on a rebellious instinct that led her to smoke cigars, run naked down the halls, and do other crazy stunts that were condoned by society, because after all, girls are supposed to be quiet and be lady- like.

Sally was Clarissa's stimulation; she enjoyed Sally's the individualistic woman and she was charmed by Sally. Moreover, the physical experience she enjoys with Sally is something she had never shared with a man, because Sally represents freedom from society's constraint to Clarissa. Sally would have been perfect for Clarissa because they are both freeing themselves from society and the division of class that they are place in by society; otherwise Sally would have an idealized romance for Clarissa.

Moreover, Sally represents Clarissa's true but unfulfilled love and the reason that it unfilled is perhaps because Sally wasn't a man and neither one of them were homosexuals. Again, being someone else's true love doesn't necessarily has to be about sexual involvement. Anyway, Wolf's describes the first kiss between the two ladies as such

"Sally stopped; picked a flower; kissed her on the lips.

The whole world may have turned upside down!….. The

others disappeared; there she was alone with Sally. And

she felt that she had been given a present, wrapped up and

told to keep it, not to look at it- a diamond, something

infinitely precious, wrapped up, which, as they walked

(up and down), she uncovered, or the radiance burnt

through, the revelation, the religious feeling!" (p.5-6).

The kiss that Wolf describes are what women in love feel when they shared they first kiss with the person that they love. The kiss between the two women was like an epiphany; until they were disturbed by Joseph and Peter.

Moreover, Clarissa's relationship with Ms. Kilman and Elizabeth her daughter is parallel to each other; both Clarissa and Ms. Kilman are fighting for Elizabeth's love. However, Ms. Kilman's view of Clarissa is not flattering; Ms. Kilman is poor and she hates station in life, she hates Mrs. Dalloway and she refuses to open herself to anyone except Elizabeth; perhaps it's because Elizabeth is not like her mother. Yet, their connection breaks down during the trip to the store and caf. Ms. Kilman is extremely self-involved and dependent as shown by her attempts to keep Elizabeth with her

"'I never go to parties,' said Miss Kilman, just to keep Elizabeth from going." (p. 1)

Ms. Kilman doesn't want Elizabeth to leave her, but she recognizes that she isn't her mother and she has to let her go, even if it's going to kill her.

In conclusion, Wolf's purpose in creating a range of females characters with different ages and background is to show whom Clarissa Dalloway really is. She also creates a range of males characters to use in the same way as the females characters; and through Clarissa each character comes together.

Please note that this sample paper on Females' Relationships in Virginia Wolf's "Mrs. Dalloway" is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Females' Relationships in Virginia Wolf's "Mrs. Dalloway", we are here to assist you. Your essay on Females' Relationships in Virginia Wolf's "Mrs. Dalloway" will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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