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INSOCIO
SOCIAL DIFFERENTIATION PROBLEMS OF INEQUALITY
Social Stratification- the division of society in such a way that some people get more
rewards than others.
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Bases of Stratification
1. Wealth
major classes
1. Capitalists- are those who own the means of production and hire others
. Workers- neither owns the means of production nor employs others;
hence they are forced to work for capitalists.
1 minor class
1. Small capitalists- owns the means of production but do most of the
work together.
. Power- the ability to control the behaviour of others, even against their will.
- Associated with wealth
- Most sociologists agree that people with more wealth tend to have more
power.
Marxist Theorists- group consists of capitalists
- Capitalists set the limits of political debate of the governments
actions, protecting their own interests
Elite Theorists- a lot of power resides in what C. Wright Mills called the Power
Elite
Power Elite- a small group of individuals who hold top positions in the
federal government, military and corporations and who have
similar backgrounds, values and interests
Plurarist Theorists- argue that power is not tightly concentrated, but widely
Dispersed
. Prestige- also called the Status System
Status System- a system in which people are stratified according
to their social prestige
- Prestige differs from wealth and power. Wealth and power are objective entities, but prestige is subjective.
Status Inconsistency- the condition in which the same individual is given
conflicting status rankings, such as being high in occupation
but low in ethnicity or gender.
STARTIFICATION SYSTEMS A GLOBAL VIEW
1. Egalitarian System- believing in human ethnicity
= Hunting-gathering societies are the most egalitarian
Tend to be egalitarian primarily because there is hardly any opportunity in
their small-scale environment for anyone to accumulate wealth
. Master-slave System- some people are held in servitude as someone else's
Property
= The emergence of slavery has partly been attributed to the great accumulation
of wealth in those ancient societies that could produce huge food surpluses with
improved technology
= Some modern slavery is similar to the ancient form of human bondage called
CHATTEL SLAVERY
= Most slaves today fall victim to debt bondage
Debt Bondage- forces whole families to work in fruitless efforts to pay off
Loans
. Feudal System- less extreme in practicing inequality
groups of stratified societies
1. Serfs or peasants- those who worked the land
. lords or landlords- those who appropriated some of the produce and labor
of the other
= The feudal system today persists only in a few places in Latin America
4. Caste system- feudal and master-slave are similar to caste system, a relatively
rigid stratification system in which people's positions are ascribed
and fixed.
ORDER OF CASTE SYSTEM
1. Brahmins (priests and scholars)
. Warriors
. Merchants
4. Artisans and menial workers
5. Untouchables
= Untouchables are in effect outcasts and could almost never become members of a higher caste
= Members of higher caste fear that they would suffer ritual pollution if they touched an outcast or passed through the shadow of an outcast.
5. Class System- less rigidly segregated than the caste system
- A relatively open stratification system in which people's positions is achieved and changeable
- Primary form of stratification in virtually all societies around the globe
Kuznets Curve- the changing relationship between development and inequality
- named after Simon Kuznets
NEW APPROACHES TO STRATIFICATION
1. Feminist Perspective
= The traditional study of stratification focuses on men only. Their income, occupation, and education are often used to determine not only their own social class but also that of women who are their daughters or wives.
= Thus, to feminist, gender inequality should be considered a key part of a society's social stratification. A person's gender should be used, along with the traditional indicators of social class, to determine the individual's class.
. Social Diversity
types of ascribed stratification
1. Age- the same individuals experience within their life span both advantages at a younger age and disadvantages at an advanced age.
. Gender- discrimination against women creates a loss for all female individuals but no net loss for families with an equal number of females and males.
. Ethnic- discrimination hurts all minority individuals and families
IDENTIFYING CLASSES
Social class- category of people who have about the same amount of income, power and prestige.
different methods for identifying a person's class
1. Reputational Method- identifying social classes by selecting a group of people and asking them to rank others.
= The Reputational method is useful for investigating the class structure of a small community where everybody knows practically everybody else.
Disadvantages
1. Cannot be applied to large cities because it is impossible to find individuals who know thousands of other people.
. It is impossible to generalize the findings from one community to another because the informants can judge only their own community.
. It is impossible to finds unanimity among the reputation judges in a community.
. Subjective Method- identifying social classes by asking people to rank themselves
. Objective Method- involves identifying social classes using income, occupation, and education to rank people
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