Wednesday, February 17, 2021

How the U.S. Screwed Mexico

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The United States has established and maintained racial formation for the different ethnic groups that it has encountered either thru conquest or slavery. Racial formation is the process by which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed. The following discussion will explain and describe the process of racial formation that has taken place in the African-American community as well as in the Mexican-American community. This process has several parts and is composed of negative ascriptions and structures. The second part of this discussion will place special emphasis on the use of borders in racial formation by the United States. Specifically, how borders have been central to this process and how borderland peoples have resisted exclusion in unique ways.


Racial formations in the U.S. have been established through the use of negative ascriptions and structures. Negative ascriptions included slaves being savages, not capable of having citizen rights, being child like, and simply unintelligent by nature. Thomas Jefferson describes it in his article, Racial Thought in America, "that nature has been less bountiful to them in the endowments of the head"(167). These negative ascriptions are then applied to a structure. In this case the structure is slavery. Negative ascriptions and slavery establish a racial formation for this ethnic group.


The U.S has also maintained itself as a racial formation through racial projects. Racial projects do the ideological work of linking structures and representations. In the case of the African-American, the racial formation is maintained through the linking of these representations or negative ascriptions with the structure of slavery. For example, in the film "Ethnic Notions" the "mami" and the "sambo" are both racial projects created by the U.S . The "mami" is supposed to be a docile woman who is not attractive, is warm, loyal, and has no physically feminine beauty. Instead, she is described as having male characteristics. She cares for the children of the white man. She is a good, caring, dedicated, and a happy slave that doesn't hope for change in the African community. She doesn't hope for change because she is "happy." Therefore, there is no need for change. She embraces the white race by caring for their children more so than her own.


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The "sambo" is also a racial project of a male slave who has characteristic's of a child and does not behave properly or is irresponsible. Also, he is described as being naïve, primitive, and innocent. Like the "mami," he is content in his state of slavery and does not demand change. The racial project of this ethnic group is that, if there was some change in the black community and they were granted rights, then at that point the ex-slave would not be capable to assume a mans responsibility. The slaves were also labeled as not intelligent and not capable to carry on citizen rights.


Yet another racial project, represented especially well in the movie "Birth of a Nation," is that of the African-American being a rapist who assaults white virgins and then kills them. These racial projects were accepted by the U.S community and were believed by whites to be true. This made the African-American black man seem much less like a man and much more like a savage beast.


The U.S has also established racial formations for the Mexican-American community. It has done so by establishing negative ascriptions and the usage of the conquest structure. In his article, Horseman discusses Manifest Destiny as the divine right for expansion granted to America. Horseman notes that this idea gains strength and acceptance in the U.S at the time of the U.S.-Mexican war. Horseman described the feeling and thinking of Americans as follows "[w]e are the Anglo-Saxon Americans; it was our destiny to possess and to rule this continent we were bound to it! We were a chosen people and this was our allotted inheritance, and we must drive out all other nations before us! (Horseman ,).


The belief of possessing another land infuses the nation and promotes the U.S-Mexican War simply because they were destined to enter into this war and conquer for the purpose of possessing land. This divine right to expand promotes the annexation of a large Mexican area. During the U.S-Mexican War the negative ascriptions that establish racial formation through racial projects included Mexicans not being capable of maintaining and using the land appropriately. This, interestingly enough, helped the U.S. justify the taking of the Mexican's land. This utilitarian view of land was a justification used by the U.S. throughout its history. Other racial projects described the Mexican as passive, lazy, and not a capable man. In contrast to the racial projects ascribed to men, women were perceived as exotic and receptive. They were described as waiting for the Anglo to save her and her country from the oppressive clergy, incompetent Mexican government, and the useless Mexican man. (Horseman 4).


The second important aspect required to understand the establishment and maintenance of racial formations is the function of the border. Racial formations play an important role in the borderlands. The borderland physically divides one nation from another. It also, however, divides in other ways as well.


Along the U.S.-Mexican border, the division is between the white race and the brown race. The line is drawn between the wealthy, educated, and legal, against the poor, gangster, criminal, dirty, unhealthy, uncivilized, and immigrants of the other side. The borderlands are a place where nationalism is more prevalent. Patriotism is exaggerated and identities are well defined. (Sahlins 54).


In the borderlands the existence of a monopolized violence thrives in injustices. State institutions such as the Texas Rangers are allowed to enforce "the law" through violence. This is allowed because the border is seen as a special place requiring special means in order to protect it from the "other side. Hegemony, the states institutions used to maintain power, is prevalent in the borderlands.


Racial formations in the borderland are maintained through racial projects such as the Mexican being (to say the least) a delinquent, a criminal, lazy, "cholo' gangster, drug addict, and rapist. They are also maintained through hegemony and segregation. However, the Mexican-American community has resisted exclusion through counter-effecting these racial projects. They countered this by creating a new identity. Ehtnogenesis is the creation of a new ethnic group. The Chicano movement is an example of this new identity. Chicanos were neither Mexican nor fully American. They were their own culture. Moreover, there is pride in this new identity which includes its own language style, dress, and behavior codes.


In addition to Ethnogenesis, people have resisted racial formations through alternative academies. Alternative academies describe a way of describing oneself not through traditional history, but through music, art, and literature. It tells the other side of history that goes untold. This side of the story is that of the victims in history.


Racial formations have existed throughout history and in many nations. This brief discussion highlights racial formations in the United States. Specifically the process used to maintain and establish these racial formations. What history reveals is the motivations and consequences of these racial formations and allows the future generations to judge the actions taken in the past.


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