Lying

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What do the scholars say about lying?

The New Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines a lie as an untrue statement with intent to deceive (18). Lying is the act of telling a lie, and is defined by the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology as "intentionally (trying) to mislead someone" (DePaulo et. al, 18 p. 6). Lying is by definition an inauthentic communication; as such cannot serve the need for genuine relatedness (DePaulo, et. al., 18). Furthermore, it violates the openness and authenticity that people value in their close relationships. In addition, social interactions where lies were told were found to be less pleasant and less intimate than those in which no lies were told (DePaulo et. al., 16).

In "Lying in Everyday Life," authors argue that lying is often seen and or described as a selfish act, and that lies are often told to benefit the self rather than benefit others. They conclude that people lie to get jobs, promotions, raises, good grades, and better commissions. In support of that, lies are also told in order to gain psychological rewards such as esteem, affection, and respect. Some social interaction theorists believe that lies of everyday life are told to avoid tension and conflict and to minimize hurt feelings and ill will. They also believe that when people lie about their feelings, preferences and opinions, they are likely to receive a positive response rather than a negative one.

Lying is a part of social life. Surprisingly, day-to-day lying is of minor cognitive or emotional significance to the liars themselves, even though in general, lying is somewhat of a condemned behavior in western society. In a study conducted by DePaulo and Kashy people reported telling one lie in every five of their social interactions, and college students reported telling three lies per interaction (18). "In both groups, the participants were about twice as likely to tell lies that benefited themselves in some ways (self-centered lies) than to tell lies that benefited others (other-oriented, or altruistic, lies)" (DePaulo et. al., 18 p.6).

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However, even though lying has become a common part of life, which most have come to accept, Sissela Bok notes that lying (deceit) is a form of deliberate assault on human beings, which can coerce people into acting against their will (1). She argues that lying distorts information and our situation as we perceive it, as well as our choices. Bok quotes Hartmann in that a lie "injures the deceived person in his life; it leads him astray" (1, p.1). According to Bok, lying (deceit) takes on two different perspectives (1) the perspective of the deceived, and () the perspective of the liar (1).

The perspective of the deceived is that following the deceit they are left with feelings of resentment, disappointment, suspicion, and left wary of all deception. It is shared by all those who feel the consequences of a lie; whether or not they are themselves lied to. Bok uses the following example "When, for instance, the American public and world opinion were falsely led to believe that bombing in Cambodia had not begun, the Cambodians themselves bore the heaviest consequences, though they can hardly be said to have been deceived about the bombing itself" (1, p.1). Bok believes that lying requires a reason, while truth-telling does not, and reasons must be produced to show why a particular lie is not mean and culpable (1). In contrast, the perspective of the liar takes on a different twist from the latter. Oddly enough, liars do not like to be deceived as don't their counterparts. It is okay for them to lie, but insistent that others practice honesty. Bok calls this a "free-rider" status, having the benefits of lying without the risks of being lied to (1). Liars use this "free-rider" status as an excuse to lie. It is often clear to people how lying can affect those who have been lied to, but often fail to understand that lying also affects the liar. If the liar is found out, his credibility and respect are damaged.

Moreover, lying has some of the same components as secret keeping. A secret is something that is kept intentionally hidden, set apart in the mind of its keeper as requiring concealment (Bok, 18). Psychology Today examined secret keeping and said that it is more difficult to keep secrets than imagined. People must constantly monitor what they do and say, especially in the presence of those from whom they are keeping the secret. Secrecy also requires the suppression of thoughts about that secret. All of the work and effort involved in keeping secrets can take a biological toll. A study showed that the greater the concealment, the higher the rates of disease and death (Anderson, 00).

The Ethics of Lying…

The question in debate is whether or not one should lie. Is lying right or wrong? Is lying acceptable in certain situations? Immanuel Kant argues that lying is morally wrong. According to the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics at Santa Clara University, Kant also argues that "all persons are born with an intrinsic worth that he called human dignity. This dignity derives from the fact that humans are uniquely rational agents, capable of freely making their own decisions, setting their own goals, and guiding their conduct by reason. To be human, said Kant, is to have the rational power of free choice; to be ethical, he continued, is to respect that power in oneself and others" (Mazur, 1 p.1).

Mazur notes that lying is morally wrong for two reasons (1) lying corrupts the most important quality of being human the ability to make free, rational choices, () lying robs others of their freedom to choose rationally. When lying leads people to decide other than they would had they known the truth, their human dignity and autonomy have been harmed. Furthermore, Kant believed that to value ourselves and others as ends instead of means, we have perfect duties to avoid damaging, interfering with, or misusing the ability to make free decisions (1).

However, utilitarians base their reasoning on the claim that actions, including lying, are morally acceptable when the resulting consequences maximize benefit or minimize harm. A lie is not always immoral. When lying is necessary to maximize benefit or minimize harm, it may be immoral not to lie. In addition, altruistic or noble lies, which specifically intend to benefit someone else, can also be considered morally acceptable (1). Mazur provides a good example of this, "Picture the doctor telling her depressed patient that there is a 50 percent probability that he will recover, when in truth all tests confirm the man has only six months to live. The doctor knows from years of experience that, if she told this type of patient the truth, he would probably fall deeper into depression or possibly commit suicide. With the hope of recovery, though, he will most likely cherish his remaining time" (1 p.1).

Why I believe this is an important issue…

I think that lying is a very important issue which should always be addressed seriously. Lying takes place everyday, by all kinds of people, especially successful ones. It has become habit to some, and second nature to others. Just like with anything there are always two sides of a coin, or better yet, two sides of a story. However, from my perspective lying is an immoral behavior which should not be condoned, unless the justification exceeds the means. People often don't realize the severity of a little white lie and how many little white lies can turn into a perpetual cycle of lying affecting the liar and the ones lied to. Moreover, it could forever damage relationships, careers, and reputations. Lying is probably one of the biggest ethical dilemmas which currently exist. So the question still stands "to lie or not to lie?" my answer is this, "it depends."

Conclusion

From Kant to Bok there are a number of ways one could analyze the dynamics and moral stances of lying. All agree that lying is making an untrue statement with the intent to mislead. There is not a single way to look at the issue of lying. Some believe that doing the right thing means not lying ever, despite valid justifications possibly involving one's life. Others believe that it is okay to lie given sound reasoning, or for the better good of people. There is a happy medium, which is the position I choose to take on the issue. I agree with both the Kantian view as well as the Utilitarian view…it just depends on the situation.

References

Anderson, N. (00). Secrets and Lies. Psychology Today, 6 (), 60-65.

Bok, S. (1). Lying. New York, NY Vintage Books.

Bok, S. (18). Secrets. New York, NY Vintage Books.

Cooper, H., Charlton, K., DePaulo, B., Lindsay, J., Malone, B., & Muhlenbruck, L. (00). Cues to Deception. Psychological Bulletin, 1 (1), 74-118.

DePaulo, B., & Kashy, D. (18). Everyday Lies in Close and Casual Relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74 (1), 6-7.

DePaulo, B., Epstein, J., Kashy, D., Kirkendol, S., & Wyer, M. (16). Lying in Everyday Life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70 (5), 7-5.

Mazur, T. (1). Lying. Issues in Ethics, 6 (1), 1.

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Writing Good Reports

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Why it is important to you to be able to write good reports?

Writing business documents is more than putting words on paper. It is a final stage in the complex process of communicating that begins with thinking.

It is very important to me to be able to write good reports because in my opinion academicians and business people view writing skills as very crucial. Writing skills can be the ticket to a better job and successful career. In a labor force full of ordinary writers, someone who writes well and knows how to write business reports is bound to stand out and succeed.

I believe that creating written documents reveals my business skills and my personality. My writing tells the reader about my educational background, pride in my work, and business expertise. The emergence of the paperless office, e-mail, the Internet and web pages only increases the power of the written word. Any company with employees who can write clear and concise reports has a competitive edge over others who are still struggling to communicate.

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In this day of computers with spell and grammar check, it is so easy to let business writing skills lapse. However, by taking business writing classes each student should take advantage of learning how to write business reports so the reader can get as much of the information from reports as possible. In addition, writing reports helps to keep writing simple and current.

Reports play a major role among written communications. In addition, reports are vital in today's business operations; therefore, knowing how to write reports for our executives is very crucial because in a business environment communication often needs to be done in writing.

Does a person who conducts a one-person business need to know how to write a report for business purposes? A 10-person business? Fifty? One hundred?

In my opinion, every person should know how to write reports regardless of a company size. In fact, it is unlikely that any modern organization of size could function without using reports. Almost all organizations use them businesses, government agencies, civic groups. Thus, the ability to write good reports and other business papers is pre-requisite to the business and personal advancement either if person conducts a one-person business, 10-person business or over one hundred. In any business, there is always a need to write reports that present current facts and business purposes.

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The enemy outside and within

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In the old English epic, Beowulf, a pattern is begun of making monsters out to be outsiders, witnessed through the descriptions, attitudes, and actions of the fiend Grendel and his horrific Mother. In this and many other stories throughout ancient times, the antagonistic monsters have been the focus for the problems within society, causing any number of woes for the people. However, although the troubles the monsters cause occur within Human society, the monsters themselves, especially within Beowulf, are quite often distanced and set apart in numerous ways from the peoples whom they plague, including physically, mentally, emotionally, symbolically, and oftentimes ideologically as well. There exists, however, a paradoxical symbolism within the epic's framework concerning this beast and his mother in which they serve as examples of the negative aspects of the Germanic society in which the story originated. Therefore, while they are still placed outside of the boundaries of Human civilization, they are, at the same time, a part of it as they represent the evils of the culture whose imagination spawned them.

From the moment he appears in the story, Grendel is an outcast in every conceivable manner. He is described as a monster, a powerful demon (ln. 86), and a fiend out of hell (ln.100). His form, although vaguely humanoid, is hideous and deformed with fiery eyes where "flame, more then light, flared from" (ln. 727). Grendel has swift, hard, and "open claws" (ln. 747), and enormous teeth that snatch the life out of his victims, which are numerous. This "shadow stalker, stealthy and swift" (ln. 703) doesn't stop at killing, but also eats of the flesh and drinks the blood of his prey. "He bit into his bone-lappings, bolted down his blood/and gorged on him in lumps" (ln741-742). Not only is Grendel set apart from humanity by his grotesque appearance and monstrous actions, but by his bestial mindset which renders him "malignant by nature" (ln.137). His mind is filled with an omnipresent rage and bloodlust which seem to permeate his every thought, being "flushed up and inflamed from the raids" (ln. 124) and "his rage boiled over…ever maddening for blood" (ln. 723-724). At the same time he lacks all the decencies and compassion which one would believe crucial to defining humanity itself, being described as "insensible to pain/ and human sorrow" (ln.119-120). Yet another vital way in which this creature is alienated from the society is through his ancestral ties. He is a descendant of Cain, having been,"...spawned in that slime, conceived of Cain/ murderous creatures banished By God..." (106-107), and therefore, by definition, is an outcast of society, doomed to roam in the shadows, always from the outside looking in. His whole existence, coming from one of the original sins, is grounded in the moral perversion to hate good simply because it is good. "Because the Almighty had made him anathema/and out of the curse of his (Cain's) exile there sprang ogres and elves and evil phantoms…who strove with God time and time again until he gave them his reward" (ln. 110-114). Unlike the rest of humanity, Grendel is an enemy of God and can therefore not know God's great love. As it states of Grendel, "he was the Lord's outcast" (ln. 169) he was ever "God-cursed" (ln. 121).

In addition, Grendel's Mother, like her damned progeny if not even more so, is portrayed as alien to all which is familiar and decent in the world of man. Since she is also a spawn of the line of Cain, "she had been forced down into fearful wasters/the cold depths, after Cain had killed his father's son" (ln. 1260-1262), she shares his dark roots and abandonment from the light of both God and humanity, as well as his vicious nature. She, however, is not even given a name or a proper description, an identifier of any kind by which to know her. She remains an amorphous phantom, "that female horror/monstrous hell-bride" (ln.1259-1260), a shape outside of human comprehension. Furthermore, whereas Grendel lived just on the outskirts of civilization in the fens, his mother dwelled in a land of almost surrealistic horror, estranged from anything recognizable as even remotely natural, a cold murky lake in a desolate landscape which is populated by strange beasts and "where the water burns" (ln.1366). For Grendel's Mother, even the natural laws of Human reproduction and love hold no sway, for Grendel is fatherless and has been created abnormally by his mother alone.

Despite all of their apparent separation from the Human race, however, Grendel and his Mother serve as a deeper metaphor for the evils of the very society which they plague. Below the surface, the two beasts actually have several important factors in common with the people, both in the text and in the actual Germanic society as it is known by historians. First, in Grendel's actions and ever-present blood rage, one finds a symbol for the ever-present violence of mankind, his rage and wrath, which raged particularly strong during the Medieval and pre-Medieval ages as evidenced in the tale by the many stories of death, murder, and war which are shared by both the narration and partakers of the feasts of Heorot . Grendel therefore, although hulking, brutish, and bestial, carries the general shape of a humanoid, of man. Although he comes "greedily loping" (ln. 711) from the moors, he also strides on two legs into Heorot where he fights Beowulf. Though he is almost always monstrous and full of killing intent, he also experiences very human emotions and sensations which serve to heighten his connection to the human culture and illustrate his position as a symbol of its violent dark half, much in the same way that Hyde served as the dark representation of the cultured Jeckyll. He is usually angry, finds enjoyment in what he does, experiences fear near the instant of his defeat, and, perhaps most of all, he endures a blinding jealousy of the Danes, their happiness, and their love and connection to the God who has exiled him from his ways. "It harrowed him to hear the din of the loud banquet every day in the hall, the harp being struck and the clear song of a skilled poet telling with mastery of man's beginnings" (ln. 87-91). This indicates that behind his jealousy and rage was the urge to be accepted into both the joy of the society of men and into the grace of God, for it is these things of which he envious. These longings, for cultural and religious acceptance, were echoed by the people of the time, and were the backbone of the society, causing, by chance and purpose the great amounts of violence and war which were prevalent in Germanic society. Perhaps most important of all is the fact that Grendel is defeated in battle as a result of a human trait, hubris. Since he is so proud and sure of his magical protection from weapons, as well as his own strength, he continues to battle without protection or aid of fighting implements and thus believes himself to be invincible. Thus Beowulf, reading this human in Grendel, is able to defeat the fiend with the one trait which the monster shares with this champion of humanity: great brute strength. This is yet one more connection, since both the best of humans and the worst of monsters have their most powerful aspects in common. Grendel's Mother serves as a symbol of the Germanic society's and people's policies of never-ending vengeance and brutal repercussion which resulted in numerous feuds between different peoples and families. Her ties to humanity spring from her representation of one of mankind's most cherished of figures, the Mother. It is her apparent caring and perhaps even love for her son, hatred of those who have slain him, and a desire for revenge, all human traits, which personify her behavior. Taking it a step further, one finds ironically that her actions of vengeance upon Hrothgar's aide, Aeschere, not only aren't considered evil by the Germanic society as historians and the text are understood, but are looked upon as morally just and right in her cause. Therefore, even a monster is able to abide by the tenets of the human system, showing, through symbolism, its inherent weakness and faults.

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And so, as one can see from analyzing the two antagonists from Beowulf, monsters can be both outside threats to the societies which they torment, and inner representations of those society's evils or faults. Whether these failings are physical, metaphysical, behavioral, ideological, or theological in nature depends on the monster in question, as many such beasts have existed throughout the annals of written and spoken literature in many shapes and forms. However, just as there are always monsters which plague society, there are also great heroes which arise to conquer them and their foul deeds. Following the symbolic example set by Beowulf, one can come to understand that, as civilization perseveres, its demons, or faults, can be overcome and defeated, leading to a better world and society in the days to come.

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Antigone

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The Greek Tragedy of "Antigone"

"Antigone," by Sophocles, is seen as a tragedy because neither of the tragic heroes are good or bad, and both Creon and Antigone could be heroes. Both their fortunes change from good to bad, their suffering and misfortunes result from their wrong doings, and their tragic flaws arouse pity from the reader. In the play "Antigone," the reader can see a struggle between two forces. One is god's law and the other is man's law. Antigone was a woman who strongly believed in god's law and opposed the king, Creon, who believed in man's law. Antigone disobeyed Creon's law, about burying Polynices, because she felt it to be her duty to the gods to burry the dead. This is a greek tragedy where a protagonists tragic flaw leads to the suffering of people, and the change of fortunes from good to bad.

Although both Creon and Antigone suffer in the play, Creon is the tragic hero. Creon was a king with a flaw. He made the mistake of not listening to other people. One of Creon's main weaknesses was his pride. He always believed that he was right and everyone around him was wrong. When Creon's son, Haemon, came to him and asked him to listen to other people, Creon only looked at him and said, "...Am I supposed to learn from a boy ?...". Creon was like a stubborn tree unwilling to bend during the flood. And just like a stubborn tree he paid the price for his pride. Creon felt that if he would allow a woman to go unpunished for disobeying his laws, people would think of him as a wimp and a poor ruler. Being either afraid or obediant to the gods, Creon decided not to kill Antigone himself. He ordered his guards to lock her in a cave.

Creon's fortune changes from good to bad. He was good because he was king and everything seemed to be going well until Creon gets lost in his pride, which is when everything takes a turn for the worse. In the beginning of the play Creon decided not to bury the body of his dead nephew Polynices. He proclaimed throughout his city that whoever buries Polyneices will be stoned to death. Creon hoped that by making such a threat he would stop any disagreements and would establish peace in Thebes, but he was wrong. Antigone decided to bury Polynices, because she felt that Polynices' soul didn't deserve an eternity of suffering and the gods want the body to rest in peace. Unfortunately she was caught while performing the burial for her brother and brought to the king. Creon, even though Antigone was part of his family, sentenced her to death. He thought that then it would be the decision of the gods whether she dies or lives and that is when he sent Antigone to die in the cave. Creon did not realize that he had already angered the gods by not burying Polynices' body. Soon after that, a blind prophet, named Teiresias, came to the Creon's palace to warn him about the danger that awaits Creon. Teiresias told him that the gods were angry at Creon, and he should not fight with a dead corpse. Teiresias also told Creon that the only crime is pride, but Creon still refused to yield to his pride. Later in the play he realized that Teiresias might have been right. Creon said to Choragos, "Oh it is hard to give in! But it is worse to risk everything for stubborn pride."

It was too late for Creon to save himself before all the suffering occurs. By the time Creon buried Polynices, Antigone hanged herself. Later Haemon, Creon's son, stabbed himself in his grief for Antigone. When Creon came back to his palace broken hearted, he found out that his wife, Euridice, also had killed herself. So Creon ended up a very unhappy man. Creon was not extremely good or bad, but he maintained a tragic flaw or pride; in most cases, pride would not be considered a horrible trait, but Creon had too much pride, which is why it is called a tragic flaw. Even though Creon did not physically die in the play, he died spiritually and mentally. Almost all of his family members died, and he was responsible for their deaths. Creon said, "Lead me away. I have been rash and foolish. I have killed my son and my wife. I look for comfort; my comfort lies here dead. Whatever my hands have touched has come to nothing. Fate has brought all my pride to a thought of dust." Creon had nothing to live for anymore, and he had no one else to blame for it but himself. Had he not been so proud and power hungry none of the above would have happened. This is when the audience pities Creon the most because most of his family is now dead, and he has to live with that until his death. This tragedy includes a protagonists tragic flaw leads to the suffering of people, and the change of fortunes from good to bad.

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Wedding Anniversary

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I would like to say thank you to everyone for coming out this afternoon to celebrate my parent's, Dianne and Gord's, 18th wedding anniversary.

When I look back through the years, I can recall all of the times that you both were there for me, and for all these individuals around you today.

I remember when I was very little and I was in the hospital. Mom, you stayed with me the whole time, even sleeping over night so that I would not be alone. This is just one of the countless examples of when you were there, when I needed you. I would like to say thank you, for never giving up on me, and for always believing in me.

I met Gord twenty-three years ago when he and Mom were dating. My mom was a happy person, but when Gord came into her life I remember thinking she seems happier than she's ever been. On their wedding day I cried, because I knew that this was true. I want to say thank you, to you Gord, for I know you love my mom, you've made life an achievable dream, you are made for each other, and we all know you truly are a team.

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I have many memories of our life together as a family trips we've taken, homes we've had, things we've done. I feel very lucky to have you as my step-dad Gord, and I love Angel very much. One of my most memorable moments was on our first trip to Florida when Angel fell asleep on my lap. I still have the picture Mom took of us together.

I just wanted to say congratulations on your 18th Anniversary and to thank you both for your love, guidance, and role modeling. For the thousands of lessons that you have taught me. I can only show you my extreme appreciation for your support, by being true to all the ideas and values that you tried to teach me.

Thank you forever, for standing by me through so many different and difficult stages, changing ideas and goals while searching for the right kind of life for me.

Thank you for always being there to help me, to laugh with me, to cry with me, but most importantly thank you, for always being there to love me, and I want to assure you both, that I am always here to love you and to appreciate all that you have done for me throughout these years. Thank you, for the eighteen years we became a family on the day you were married.

And last but not least, I want to say to you today that you my parents are simply the best!

With love and appreciation,

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Peter Browning and Continental White Cap

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Question #1 What was Browning's predicament at White Cap?

From the very start, Browning recognized two major obstacles that he would have to address. First, three were only a few people at White Cap that would acknowledge the need for change because business results had been quite impressive for last 50 years and slumps were perceived as cyclical and transient. Second, there was a family-style culture well known for long-term loyalty from the employees, long-standing traditions of job security, liberal benefits, and paternalistic management. Browning had almost a feeling that attempts to alter these traditions would not be welcome. Browning's assignment was to revitalize and reposition the division to remain market leader in the face of changes in the competitive environment. There were by then five significant manufacturers in the national marketplace and 70 worldwide. The advantage White Cap had maintained in the market made it difficult to effectively stay competitive with drastic price-cutting of its main competitors (National Can Company) . Browning realized that without production of a plastic cap closure, White Cap would continue to lose customers. Senior management at White Cap, however, had been reluctant to allow R&D to commercialize plastics developments because such plastic threats in the past had never materialized.

Question # What should his change objectives and time frame be?

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Browning received his reassignment orders from the executive officers of the Continental Group who thought White Cap had been stagnating and not responding to new market challenges. They supposed Browning would certainly be a person to bring fresh energy and stamina and make necessary changes.

In my opinion, Browning should set three main change objectives at White Cap. First of all he should try to rejuvenate the company by implementing new strategy which would emphasize open communication with his subordinates in order to respond to the changed market conditions (need for plastic cap closure). It is certainly feasible to implement this objective immediately or in very short time after his appointment. Second, he should attempt to change the division's culture. This objective is definitely very hard to achieve in the short run. To change the corporate culture can sometimes take years, however, even the fact that something new is happening can positively affect the performance of the company. Third thing he was aiming to change was the company's performance. Long-time success, coupled with benevolent paternalism of the White family management, had led to inflated administrative staff. Browning's task should be to communicate a sense of impending crisis and reduce redundant administrative staff without threatening White Cap's image as soon as possible.

However, Browning was also aware of some obstacles he had to overcome if he wanted to be successful in implementation of his strategy. Firstly, it seemed inevitable to make some gesture with regard to Bob White (retired head and owner of White Cap) because he was still alive in the hearts and minds of White Cap employees. The majority of White Cap's managers and employees were used to Bob White's formal and restrained management style, which inhibited cross-communication and lacked confrontation. Although White represented many of the values and the style Browning hoped to change, he was also a key to pride and morale that Browning wanted to preserve.

The second problem Browning was facing was White Cap's marketing department. Browning found that marketing and sales departments were simply administering existing programs. They were not spending time with customers who had built the business nor were they aggressively addressing new competitive issues.

Finally, Browning faced problem, which related to human resources department. This department seemed to be very inflexible since it was offering few surprises to employees and helped maintain all the traditional and popular benefit policies, which led to a lack of motivation of White Cap employees. At White Cap the majority of managers had been with the firm for over 5 years and most of them had very little intention to change things or move beyond their current positions.

Question # What should he do specifically in dealing with White and Lawson; Stark and Green?

Bob White ¡V a problem with Bob White was that even though he retired he had large influence on White Cap and its employees. He was remembered by the people due to his friendly and employee-oriented management style. Contrary to that Bob White liked to make decisions on his own, which meant that whoever was coming with different strategy and management style had to count on negative response from within the company. In dealing with Bob White's legacy, Browning should, on one hand, underline his past achievements to make himself well accepted from the current employees. On the other hand Browning should explain that the situation in the market changed (new competitors, new technologies used, etc.) and for that reason he needed to implement changes.

Art Lawson ¡V succeeded Bob White in his managerial position and was simply a caretaker manager, maintaining things as they had always been. Browning knew he had to give some strong messages about new directions if he was to shake up the comfortable division, but he had to do it from below Lawson. I think the best way how to deal with Lawson is to approach him directly with new ideas for change. It is nor really possible to try to circumvent Lawson since he is Browning's direct superior. They had known each other for 0 years so I think it is very probable Lawson would trust Browning enough to accept his proposals for change.

Jim Stark ¡V had been director of marketing for previous 5 years and a regional sales manager for another 5 years at White Cap. He had a fine track record with White Cap customers and maintained strong relationships in the field. In his prior position, Stark's strength had clearly been his ability to deal with customers as opposed to his people managing skills. Despite his strong outside presentation and selling ability, his internal relationships with his marketing staff were not ideal. Team spirit was not in evidence. Even though Stark's boss, the general manager for sales and marketing, urged Browning to avoid any sudden personnel changes and ¡§to give Stark a chance¡¨ I would suggest that Start should definitely be moved from his position (most likely back to sales department). I also believe Browning should keep him in the company (instead of firing him) because of his valuable client relationships.

Tom Green ¡V had been a manager of human resources for 5 years and 0 years at White Cap. Browning found Green had very few constructive ideas to offer. Browning even found himself involved in decisions that Green should have been taking care of himself. In contrast with a lack of management skills, Green was a valuable information source and potential middleman between Browning and White Cap employees. In my opinion, in dealing with him Browning should not hesitate to fire him and replace him with the human resources manager from Bondware division (where he worked before coming to White Cap) who had helped him with the changes he had made there. Browning would also not need any middleman to facilitate contact with employees since was going to directly approach employees and openly communicate with them.

Question #4 What qualities are most needed to become a successful change agent?

In my opinion the successful change agents must have the following qualities

„h Good at Diagnosing Problems (Analytical skills) ¡V Understanding both the business drivers and the organization well enough to identify performance issues and analyze their impact on short and long term business results.

„h Having Vision ¡V Predicting future developments of the company, competitors and markets, which enables to identify what exactly needs to be changed.

„h Leadership Skills ¡V Defining the role of leaders, such as communications, role modeling, reinforcement of desired behaviors etc.

„h Excellent Problem Solver ¡V Recommending solutions, possessing the insight to recognize the problem.

„h Good at Implementation of Plans to Achieve Change Goals ¡V Successful organizational change can be attributed to the right strategy and appropriate change in organization culture.

„h Superb Communication Skills ¡V Every change must be clearly communicated and explained to everybody involved.

„h Knowledge of the Business, Products and Services

„h Planning and Project Management Skills

„h Risk Taker ¡V Implementing change means taking some level of risk.

„h Good at Conflict Management ¡V Changes very often create conflicts that can be positive for the company in case they are managed well.

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The crucible

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The deterioration of Salems social structure precipitated the murders of many

innocent people. Arthur Millers depiction of the Salem witch trials, The Crucible, deals

with a community that starts out looking like it is tightly knit and church loving. It turns

out that once Tituba starts pointing her finger at the witches, the community starts

Custom Essays on the crucible

pointing their fingers at each other. Hysteria and hidden agendas break down the social

structure and then everyone must protect themselves from the people that they thought

were their friends. The church, legal system and the togetherness of the community died

so that children could protect their families social status.

Being isolated from any other group of people with different beliefs created a

church led Puritan society that was not able to accept a lot of change. The church was

against the devil, at the same time it was against such things as dancing and other

premature acts. The reputation of the family was very important to the members of the

community. When the girls were caught dancing in the woods, they lied to protect not just themselves but the reputation of their families. They claimed that the devil took them over and influenced them to dance. The girls also said that they saw members of the town

standing with the devil. A community living in a puritan society like Salem could easily go into a chaotic state and have a difficult time dealing with what they consider to be the largest form of evil.

Salems hysteria made the community lose faith in the spiritual beliefs that they

were trying to strictly enforce. The church lost many of its parishioners because the

interest of the town was now on Abigail because people wanted to know who was going

to be named next. When the church was trying to excommunicate John Proctor, there

were not enough people at church to do it. The people were getting misled so far as to

leave a dagger stuck in the door of their ministers house Tonight, when I open my door

to leave my house--a dagger clattered to the ground...There is danger for me. were

Parris exact words. With the conveyer of God fearing for his life there was no longer

anyone but Abigail to lead the community.

The justice system is designed to protect the people that it serves but during the

trials the accused witch had two choices, death or imprisonment. The punishment of death was given to all people that pleaded not guilty; the other punishment was to plead guilty and go to jail. John Proctor gave his view of the justice system when he said I like not the smell of this authority . And do you know that near to four hundred are in the jails from Marblehead to Lynn, and upon my signature? said Danforth, describing the number of people that were in jail on charges of witchcraft. There were so many people executed that Hale commented there are orphans wandering from house to house; abandoned cattle bellow on the highroads, the stink of rotting crops hangs

everywhere... Salem was turning into a ghost town. With Abigail controlling the

community, the church no longer getting the whole town to prayer, and an unjust legal

system, it is natural that the people were in a state of total chaos.

The unexplained was caused by the devil, so some members of Salem used the

unexplained to their advantage. Mrs. Putnam told the truth when she said, There are

wheels within wheels in this village, and fires within fires! Mrs. Putnam did her share of spreading rumors after she heard that the girls were flying, so she asked Parris How high did she (Abigail) fly, how high? These rumors happened because people did not want any blame put on to themselves. This passing the buck made people start fighting with one another such as Corey charging Putnam of having his daughter accuse a resident of witchcraft in order to get Coreys land. Abigail used her power of getting people to listen to her to her advantage when she charged Proctors spouse with being a witch so Abigail could live with John. This again proves that Abigail had control of the town and the unexplained turned neighbor against neighbor.

The social breakdown in Salem was the major factor in the tragedy that took the lives of many innocent people. There was more than one tragedy in The Crucible. The first was the murdering of many innocent people, and the second was that a community that was once very close had been broken apart. It appeared that the people of Salem were like a family but isolation actually made them unable to adapt to a troublesome situation. If the community could have had a greater influence from another group of people then the social structure would have been able to adapt.

Please note that this sample paper on the crucible is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on the crucible, we are here to assist you. Your essay on the crucible will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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