Scarlet Letter

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Puritanical Examples in The Scarlet Letter

Change dominates society. So much so, that looking back a mere decade can bring a culture shock to the viewer. Presently, society is moving at an alarming rate away from the morals of yesteryear, and no other culture brings this fact to mind more than that of the Puritans, whose rules were so strict, that even the most conservative churches of today can be viewed as radically liberal in comparison. Few books exhibit this strictness as well as The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Set in the Colonial Period, the peak time of Puritanism, the reader is constantly exposed to the increased recognition of sin, the increased burden of carrying it, and the increased measures taken against it. This obsession with sin in the Puritan culture is the main thing that separates them from present-day religion.

Today, unlike the Puritanical days, not everyone is a devout Christian. The shift from the Colonial society to that of today has brought about a much more lax attitude towards actions previously regarded as hateful sins. The Puritans shrunk away from sin as if it were a deadly disease. They believed that if the level of sin escalated in a person's life it could cause physical disfigurement, such as the red mark on the chest of Arthur Dimmesdale, the town minister. Unfortunately, this terrible fear of sin brought about a social anxiety, a fear of doing almost anything because it was believed to be sin. In the book, Dimmesdale feels that even strong emotions are off limits. As the minister, he then communicates much fear to the community. It is this communal obsession among all of the Puritans of Boston that sets them apart from today's culture.

Only when a Puritan found himself guilty of a sin could he fully appreciate the reason for avoiding it in the first place. This fact cannot be more clearly illustrated than in the story of Hester Prynne, the protagonist of The Scarlet Letter, and her minister Rev. Dimmesdale. Both of them realize the full torment of living with unforgivable sin. Puritans did not have the ability to justify their own actions if they believed that those actions were out of God's plan. Therefore, if they do not believe that they have been completely forgiven by God, their sins will become an unbearable burden, disallowing them to get on with their lives. Although he shares his sin with Hester, Dimmesdale is the one most affected. He longs to make his side of it publicly known so that he may find peace of mind, but instead his inability to do so results in his slow destruction over seven years. While today someone can openly admit their sins to others of their faith and find forgiveness, Dimmesdale could not.

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Of course, Dimmesdale's fear of discovery was well founded, as Hester's story attests. Puritans were not only concerned with recognizing and avoiding sin; they were also ruthless in taking action against it. Hester's punishment for adultery, wearing a badge of public humiliation, is lenient by Puritan standards. Such a crime was easily punishable by death, as is mentioned in the opening of the book. Many in the town of Boston believed that Hester should have been hanged or burned, when today sex out of wedlock is a common practice that often goes without penalization of any kind. However, Hester was not that lucky, and is subjected to verbal abuse on a scaffold in her town. Ironically, Dimmesdale longs to be there with her and even goes to that same scaffold on a vigil at night, to try to make his peace with God. His Puritan faith was so strong, that even he, the sinner, longed for others to chastise him for his sin. An example of such unbending faith would be hard to find in today's culture, where many seek to justify their actions to themselves instead of seeking forgiveness.

For any reader, The Scarlet Letter can be a culture shock. For those that are Christians, it can be a wakeup call. Its ability to capture the Puritan faith helps the reader to understand some of the dangers of religious extremism, and shows that moderation should be considered in all situations. However, the given the way adultery is handled in our supposedly improved modern society, The Scarlet Letter can be viewed as a dissertation on modesty and a call for a return to more traditional values. Hawthorne's book is a classic not only because of its excellent writing but also because of its focus on a subject that can never become obsolete religion.

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Gnosticism

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Jennifer A. Jones

Dr. Farthing

September , 00

The 145 discovery at Nag Hammadi of thirteen papyrus scrolls uncovered new insights and excited historians and theologians around the globe. Until this time, little was known about the mysterious religion of Gnosticism. It evolved into one of the main belief systems of the 1st century and helped shape modern religious traditions, including Orthodox Christianity. The Nag Hammadi finds revealed many things about this religion, including a better understanding of the basic belief system, their view on women, and the divergence from prevalent Orthodox Christian ideas. Elaine Pagels book The Gnostic Gospels clearly outlines excellent information on these views and understandings of Gnosticism.

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The Gnostic belief system sounds absurd to the modern Christian ear. From the early pages of the introduction to the last few sentences of the conclusion, Pagels delineates major differences in the practices of Orthodox Christians and Gnostics. Gnosticism is a philosophical and religious movement whose name is derived from the Greek word gnosis (knowledge.) The very implication of this name sheds light on one of the main characteristics of the Gnostic beliefs. To these people, self-knowledge was knowledge of God; meaning the self and the divine are inseparable. Knowledge to them was not an intellectual exercise or a vague understanding of spirituality, but instead, knowledge had a liberating function that severed an individual from the confines of this world. Contrary to the Orthodox belief that one attains salvation through the acceptance of Jesus Christ, Gnostics felt that salvation is achieved through learning secret knowledge of their spiritual essence. Upon this discovery, an individual has the opportunity to escape from the prison of their body after death. The Orthodox Christians of this era viewed this belief as heresy, and aimed to annihilate all of the written records of this faith. The efforts of the majority to destroy every trace of heretical blasphemy proved so successful that, until the discoveries at Nag Hammadi, nearly all of our information concerning alternative forms of early Christianity came from the massive orthodox attacks upon them.1

Gnostic Christians also trusted that Jesus Christ was nothing near what the Orthodox Christians claimed he was. The role of the Savior in Gnostic belief is unclear, but they seem to have thought of him as a liberator rather than the way to salvation. The Gnostics felt that Christ's purpose was to increase knowledge that would release people from the evil, inferior Creator (Demiurge). This Demiurge was looked at as only the image of God, and until one attained gnosis, the individual thought that this false God was the true Maker. The "living Jesus" of the Gnostic texts speaks of illusion and enlightenment, not of sin and repentance, like the Jesus of the New Testament. Instead of coming to save us from sin, he comes as a guide who opens access to spiritual understanding. But when the Gnostic disciple attains enlightenment, Jesus no longer serves as his spiritual master. The two halves have now become equal, even identical. Some Gnostics endorsed Docetism, an idea that the body of Jesus appeared to be fully human, but was not.4 They felt that Christ was pure spirit and only had a ghostlike body, thus denying that Jesus was born of the Virgin Mary. Orthodox Christians believed that Jesus is Lord and the Son of God, and that He remains forever distinct from the rest of humanity whom He came to save. These views were once again seen as heretical and blasphemous to the Orthodox Christians. Gnosticism was a serious threat at this point to Christianity, and leaders of the church vehemently opposed it, thus helping Christianity grow stronger through the fear of harsher punishments for heretics.

In the Christian faith, the designated structure of the church was a main aspect of the religious process. There was a hierachtical rank of authority, beginning with bishops, priests, deacons and finally the congregation lay persons. The bishop was designated the authority of the church and acted as the sole ruler and disciplinarian over the laity.5 Apparently this organization was not supported by the Gnostic Christians. Instead of ranking their members into classes, they operated on the idea of equality. All of the people, whether male or female, were allowed to participate and even lead the worship services. These decisions were made through the drawing of lots, and anyone may be a priest or bishop at any given ceremony.6 This practice is very similar to the way that some modern pagan movements, such as Wicca, chose their ceremonial leaders. This act was and is viewed by both of these groups as a way to eliminate permanent positions of power in the church. Each member was given just as much authority as the next, and this may have contributed to the Gnostics position on women in their church and society.

The role of women in the Gnostic faith was quite different from the Orthodox belief. Firstly, there were two very distinct depictions of the sexuality of the beings at the creation time in the Orthodox and Gnostic parties. Many Gnostics gave the first being both masculine and feminine characteristics and appearance, backing their beliefs with reference to the creation account of Genesis 1. This attitude of egalitarianism is carried over into the structures of their communities and social practices. On the other hand, Orthodox Christians consider God to have only masculine properties. They customarily look to Genesis to affirm their theory. The Gnostic teaching of Genesis 1 suggests the idea of a sexless creation, while Genesis , used by the Orthodox faith, clearly illustrates that Eve was created from the rib of Adam. This idea of male superiority is also seen in the societies and clerical structures of the early Christian churches. While the Gnostics felt that women had a voice in religious affairs, as seen through the writings of The Gospel of Mary, Christian women were not allowed to write or teach the gospels, as seen in Timothy 1 where it clearly states "I permit no woman to teach or to have authority over men; she is to keep silent." Although these beliefs were the basic structure of these two groups beliefs, exceptions to these patterns do occur. Not all Gnostics were undivided in affirming women- nor were the Orthodox unanimous in demeaning them.7

Beyond the equality of men and women in the Gnostic society, feminine characteristics were also applied to their God. Pagels makes numerous references to the Mother Goddess. She explains the Gnostic description of God as Father, Mother and Son, and relates this to the aspect of the Holy Trinity8. The Mother in this Trinity is the Holy Spirit. Christianity assumes the Trinitarian terms of the three divine "Persons," two- the Father and the Son- described in masculine terms, and the third- the Spirit- suggests the genderlessness of the Greek neuter term for spirit, pneuma. The portrayal of the Holy Spirit as mother may contribute to the difference in treatment of women between the Gnostics and Christians.

Christianity as we know it today may not have survived without the pressure and competition of the Gnostic groups in the first few centuries. The place of women, the authenticity of Jesus Christ and the sexuality of God are a few of the major doctrines that strike me as the most affected. As millions of Christians practice their faith today with a grateful heart for their religion, they must remember that the Christians changed many of their doctrines and practices because of the fierce battle against the heretics of the early Gnostic church. Pagels book has opened my eyes to this aspect of the religion that I have believed in my whole life. Although the survival of Christianity is often attributed to the use of military and political powers of the early churches, I think that it has been well worth the struggle.

Response to Elaine Pagels The Gnostic Gospels

Pagels book really exposed me to a side of Christianity that I have never even heard of. Through the reading of each chapter, I found myself with numerous questions that left me questioning and thinking of things that had never crossed my mind. Although we read a little in our textbooks about Gnosticism, I think that Pagels book far exceeded any expectations and thoughts on Gnosticism that I may have previously had from other exposure to the other writings. I have read several articles and forewards to books by Pagels and enjoy her writing style and composition. This is an excellent book for this course and for anyone else that is in religious studies.

1. Elaine Pagels, The Gnostic Gospels (New York Vintage Press, 17) pg. xxiv.

. Ibid. pg. 7.

. Ibid. pg. xx.

4. Justo L. Gonzalez, The Story of Christianity (San Francisco Harper Collins Publishers, 184) pg. 60.

5. Pagels, pg. 40.

6. Ibid. pg 6.

7. Ibid. pg 66.

8. Ibid. pg. 5.

. Ibid. pg. 4.

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Cubs lost

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On March 4, 18, the Exxon Valdez oil tanker ran aground in Alaska's Prince William Sound. Over 1 million gallons of crude oil were spilled in one of Alaska's most scenic and pristine areas, with a devastating effect on the teeming wildlife native to the sound. Despite Exxon's admirable clean-up efforts, environmentalists said it did not even begin to correct the extensive damage or restore what was lost to the sound.

There were many contributing factors that caused this tragedy, some more prominent than others. The main reason, however, was the slow decline of standard safety precautions and oversight that had been in practice for the 1-year existence of the Exxon Oil Company. Tankers had been transporting crude oil through Prince Williams for as long as oil had been in exchange through the Trans- Alaska pipeline. In the 8,700 trips taken through the sound with little or no mishap, the company had become overly confident in it's practices of routine safety. Other possible contributions to this downfall were the alleged drunkenness of the tanker's skipper, Captain Joseph Hazelwood, and an obviously undermanned crew. Regardless of the cause of the spill, the effects of the crude oil on the sound's environment were inarguably tragic. Experts estimated that over half of the sound's otter population was wiped out, with equally lethal effects on the many species of native fish and birds. Although Exxon spent about 600 million dollars on the cleanup movement, the largest response ever to an oil spill, quite a bit of it still lingered. Scientists said that about half of the toxic aromatic poisons were dissolved in the water, making it impossible to purify. In addition, beaches were becoming re-oiled constantly with the never -ending amount of toxins washing in.

Even though the Prince William Sound in Alaska will doubtfully ever recover fully from this horrible product of the Exxon company's negligence, their noble efforts were not completely in vain. Most if not all of the rehabilitated wildlife rescued from certain death have been safely returned to the sound. Environmentalists report that no species was threatened with extinction. Over 150 law suites were filed against Exxon, though few were able to get the compensation needed to continue the clean up. No human lives were lost due to the tanker's incident, but the dramatic downfall of the wildlife and scenery of the sound is a constant reminder of this 18 environmental tragedy.

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Compare/Contrast Loneliness of the long distance runner and Color Purple

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Compare and Contrast the ways in which the film version of The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner and The Color Purple treat the political and social questions raised in the corresponding novels.

Alice Walker and Alan Sillitoe novels are an illustrative tale of our society inevitable course, and the social and political issues prevalent in that period. These issues have sometimes placed these books in precarious positions where they create controversy in these same societies. So controversial, that the film versions are not created and until years later when the political and social questions raised in these novels can be easily accepted by the critics. Socially conscious filmmakers make these period novels into film to give us a broader insight or to capitalize on the success of the novel. However, film versions are not always successful in depicting the political and social questions raised in the novels but filmmakers have felt socially committed to not only to tell the story, but to engage the mind and senses as well. The films The Color Purple and The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner are filled with exploitation, Homosexuality, rape, domestic abuse, racism, and class struggles.

Tony Richardson's film, The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner touches on a number of relevant issues during the period in which it is set, including the struggles of working class, and the exploitation of the protagonist Colin Smith and the other boys in the borstal. During this period, there was a division in Britain into two distinct classes the rich upper class and the poor working class. In the novel Smith elaborates his theory of "them" and "us" otherwise characterized as the law abiding middle and upper class majority and the substantial poor minority working class. In fact, the film uses location to show us the social issues of classes in 150's Britain. Evidence of this appears in the scene where Colin and Mike take two girls onto a hill, while dark clouds of smoke billow in the background. The pollution from the factories was clearly visible in the film and we are left to wonder if this could have contributed to his father's cancer. In order to support his family, Colin's father toiled in the local factory for a measly paycheck. Colin wishing to avoid the life which was to be his destiny refuses a similar job at the same factory and evens burns the portions of his father's death benefits in protest of the system. He feels trapped in his environment with what seems to be no positive outlook. He will either have to work in a factory or become a career criminal. The novel does not show us Colin's real life situation, but instead shows us how certain situation is perceived and his thoughts on various events in his life. "I'd never known a family as happy as ours was in that couple of months when we'd got all the money we needed" (1). But in the film we are shown how disgusted he was with his situation, when he decides to burn the money given to him by his mother after his father's death. We see a rebellious young man driven to the depth of despair to which one can sink because of poverty and we almost begin to feel sorry for him.

The persistent desire for money, implanted in him by his mother, compels Colin to rob a bakery and he is sent away to a Borstal for rehabilitation. Both the book and the movie raise questions about the intentions of the governor. The governor uses his political aspirations to exploit Colin and the boys at the Borstal for his own personal gain. He wants his Borstal to be known as having the best athletes and being the first to compete against a private school. Colin's one great talent, his ability in running singles him out for the governor's preferential treatment. In the film, the governors singles him out for polite conversation and upgrades his work detail from cleaning machine parts in a small shed to working in an outdoor garden with fresh air. The film seems brighter and the disposition of the boys change, they are now joking around and everyone seems to be in a joyous mood except Stacy, the head of Duke house, and the one time favorite of the governor. The only hint we are given in the novel of Colin's preferred status is when he's allowed to do his long distance running without a guard supervising and when " the governors talks to me when he comes on his rounds, almost as he'd talk to his prize race horse" (1). He realizes with all the talks of honesty, "we want hard honest work and we want good athletics (10) is a farce and a means to an end. The governor has told him to be "honest" but he sees that he is more honest than the governor. The governor is referring to honesty as a respect for other peoples property but Smith takes "honesty" to mean being true to one's principles and personal integrity. He is aware that to win the race would be help the governor in his political aspirations of putting his Borstal on the map and making a name for himself, and to lose he would remain true to himself. At the end of the film we are not shown what happens to Colin when he loses the race on purpose. We know only that he is a success at beating the governor at his own game. However, the novel shows that even though he was successful in that sense he was not successful at being rehabilitated, but goes back to a life of crime with the intention of not being caught.

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In the film, The Color Purple, Steven Spielberg chooses to include and exclude highly controversial social issues raised in the novel. For instance, in the novel Celia speaks of being beaten by Mr. "sometime beat me anyhow, I say, whether I do what he say or not" (66). She is also physically and sexually abused by the man who she thinks is her father but we are not given any evidence of this in the film. There are no black eyes, no bruises and no broken arms however, the physical abuse permeate the novel. Mr. only stops beating Celie after Shug tell him not to. Sophia is incensed when she found out that Celie was the one who told Harpo to beat her. The physical abuse is an area where Spielberg seems to tread lightly.

The lesbian relationship between Celie and Shug is not explored at all in the film. It is only implied during the intimate interaction between Celie and Shug. When Celie meets Shug for the first time she is beside herself when she realizes that her face is a mess and she's wearing clothes, in fact the look in Celie's eyes throughout the film when she gazes at Shug is one of a love struck teenager.

Racism is another social issue which does not get a lot of play in the film. The novel goes into detail to tell us of the plight of the Olinka Tribe in Africa whose village is ultimately destroyed by the road builders and who is eventually forced to pay rent on the land that belonged to them for centuries. We are introduced to Doris Baines and her African grandson. There she uses her wealth to set up a reciprocal arrangement that in fact reflects her political power to buy whatever she wants. But she does not use her power and money to make the world aware of the plight of the Olinka tribe or any other tribe throughout Africa. She has written several books on the way of life of Akwee tribe for her own personal gain. Spielberg omits this from his film version and we are left to wonder if this is due to the strained race relations of African American and whites at the time the film was made.

Squeaks rape is an intensely and highly political act. Squeaks rape exposes the denial of kinship at the heart of race relation in the south. Mr. Reveals the kinship relations between whites and blacks in the community that it is assumed that someone would be related by blood to the warden. That someone, of course, is Squeak. Hopeful that she will be able to gain Sophia's release from the warden on the basis of kinship, the other dress Squeak up like a white woman with instructions to make him " see the Hodges in you" (8). This was never addressed in the film.

In conclusion, both film versions of the novels are well made commentary on the social and political issues raised in the corresponding novels, which are present in today's day society. They are films have a strong visual style, with an important story that wouldn't normally receive attention. Although, some of the important issues were not addressed in the film we realize that there are certain issues that our country and the world are not quite ready to deal with.

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Age Discrimination

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Abstract

I have chosen age discrimination as the topic of this discrimination paper. I have chosen the topic based on event s that are happen in the field I am working in, engineering and construction. As corporation try and remain competitive in this market they are making decisions that are effecting employees with substantial experience and salaries. My planed approach to this paper is to justify the staffing requirements that need to be made by this corporation so that they may remain competitive in this aggressive market. I have chosen a woman that at the age of nearing 40 has been replaced by a much younger qualified but experience engineer. Under Title VII the woman being replace does not legally have a case but she feels that she has been wrongfully terminated based on the fact she is nearing 40 years old and replace by this younger employee.

Jane Doe is a well-respected engineer in the business. She has specialized in safety systems and understands the concepts and analyses of such systems to ensure companies design, engineer and build these plants safely. Jane is years old and is at the upper range of her salary level and is due for a promotion in the up coming employee evaluation. The average age in the engineering business is 45 and ABC engineering is looking at hiring in new graduates to help ensure that they will have an edge in the market when the older generation begins to retire. With a recent downturn in engineering and construction of major petrochemical facilities ABC has decided to hire in new graduates at less cost and let the older engineers with 0 plus years of experience train them. With this decision ABC decides to replace Jane with a much less experienced engineer in hopes that the more experienced will train this person to do the job that Jane has done in the past. At less cost to the company ABC hopes to groom this individual into their next generation of safety engineers and level off the average age of engineers within its organization.

The company advised Jane that she was to be terminated due to turndowns and the need to keep some positions open her position was one of the they felt could be replaced. Once the company has made their decision to relieve Jane of her duties at ABC they find that she has filed a wrongful termination suite based on age discrimination. Jane understands that Title VII does not protect those under the age of 40 but she is to be 40 in two weeks and feels that she has been terminated based on that principle alone. ABC's position is on e that they must make changes to remain competitive in the market and their approach was to replace some employees in positions they felt could be learned by younger less expensive engineers. From ABC's perspective this was purely a business move that was necessary to remain competitive in an ever changing business market.

There is no legitimate legal reason why this suite would even make it as far as litigation. Although Jane Doe feels she has been wrongfully terminated Title VII doe not protect those under 40, even if they are approaching 40. The move to hire in less expensive help does not discriminate against Jane because they legally have the right to discriminate against her. They made the move as so they could remain competitive and in this case replacing Jane with a younger qualified engineer is up to ABC discretion.

Data used to prove that the average age of engineers in the business was used by ABC to prove that they must make business changes. Not only did the average age of engineers in the business help qualify their position but the fact that they could hire young degreed engineers to fill some positions they felt were applicable it was an added benefit that they come at less expensive rates. Disparate treatment in this case in not an issue, the fact that the company felt Jane's position was one that could be done by a less experienced engineer has not treated her any differently than any of the other effected engineering positions by this downturn.

In conclusion I recommend to management that they stand behind their decision and that Jane does not have a legal position against them. Although she is approaching 40, under Title VII she is not of protected class and this is a business decision that had to be made by the company. I would recommend that as the business climate changes we look at bringing back the experience we have lost with this certain generation of employees as they can one day too help train the younger engineers that will be the future of this company.

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Inspiration

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Inspiration. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Inspiration paper right on time.

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Im sure you are thinking that this is going to be yet another essay about how great and inspiring my mother or father are, or perhaps my sister, brother or some other close family member. However, this essay is not about a family member or a friend or even someone that I know personally. This is about an idea.

We have been asked to write a report about an inspiring person in our life. Truthfully though, I can't pinpoint just one person. Every person that I have ever met has inspired me in some sort of way. Whether it is good or bad, it's still an inspiration. That's why instead of trying to pinpoint a single person, I pinpointed a society. The musicians' society has been the most inspiring thing in my life.

They are people, so technically you have gotten the correct essay, but the reasons for them being so inspiring may be different. I grew up in the late 80's early 0's listening to Janet Jackson, Tiffany, Brandy, and many others. I was inspired every single time that I put on a tape or listened to a music channel. If you really go into depth it makes perfect sense. Music is such a huge part of so many people's lives. For example. If I am feeling down, I love to just sit and listened to music, because it always gives me some sort of inspiration to change things or make them better. The same works if you are feeling great. If you throw on a fast beat great song at work, it makes your day a million times better because it keeps your mood going.

Music has inspired me to do so many things, such as, stay in school, love like you will never be hurt, always keep your head up, and most importantly it has taught me that no matter what happens in life, as long as you are alive and have love nothing else matters. When your parents are constantly yelling at you and you feel like you can't escape, just throwing on a record and sitting there will make you realize they are only looking out for your well being. I honestly believe that without music I wouldn't be where I am today. Music lets your interpretation always be correct and lets you use it however you want. Music has the power to change so many more things than most people would ever believe.

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Therefore I guess you could say that Janet Jackson, Eve, Pink, Usher, DMX, or any other musician have been the most inspirational people in my life. Sure my mom has inspired me as well as the rest of my family, but when I think about it. Music has made me think, and made me be my own inspiration.

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Fed Ex

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Introduction

Federal Express achieved a great deal of success in the 170's with a pioneering approach to overnight delivery of letters and packages in the U.S.A. After several booming years of catering to customers needs, FedEx's growth in the United States slowed considerably. This was due to direct competition from United Parcel Service, and the increased popularity of the fax machine. At this time FedEx founder, Fredrick Smith began to look elsewhere for opportunities for new growth.

Problems

FedEx made more than 0 international acquisitions, including courier services and trucking operations. But strong overseas rivals, DHL Worldwide Express and TNT were becoming deep-rooted in Europe. In addition, government regulations posed a problem, resulting in a million dollar a month loss for an entire year. In 188, FedEx acquired Tiger International, the worlds biggest air heavy-cargo company, which included the Flying Tiger Line. However this acquisition brought a number of challenges

· The move more then doubled FedEx's debt

· Tiger's system was designed for slow-moving, heavy freight a sharp contrast to FedEx's high speed network

· European rivals were likely to also make global acquisitions

· FedEx stood to lose customers that had traditionally used Flying Tiger

It was clear that the European Market was much harder to crack then FedEx thought. They had a strong push from their competitors, but most importantly they overestimated the size of the market and failed to do market research on the what and how the European market would be utilizing their services.

Current Situation

S.W.O.T Analysis

Strengths

· Accomplished great success in the 170's, pioneering the service of distributing packages and letters in the United States.

· Successfully served customers for many years (170's-18, when rivals approached the market).

· The founder, Frederick Smith was very motivated and has a great desire to be the best; he has a goal to be, "the largest and best transportation company in the world" (5).

He also stated in 188 "We consider our international business to be as important as our domestic business" (5). This statement is showing his determination to be the best he can be in both markets.

· Strategically designated Flying Tiger to ship to international countries where no airport-landing restrictions existed.

· Managed to gain ability to operate in all 1 countries of the European Community, with this FedEx took advantage of reduced restrictions on surface transportation companies.

· Barge company painted FedEx's colours orange and purple on the barges

· FedEx was the first of three (DHL, UPS) to have a homepage accessible to its customers for gathering information and ordering pickups online.

Weaknesses

· FedEx found difficulty in dealing with rival competitors.

· They lacked research concerning obstacles in foreign countries and markets

a) Regulations for shipment time/weight

b) Protection of local carrier companies

c) Understated the complexity of expanding into European market

· Losses in four years totaled $1. billion which lead to firing 6600 employees and the closing of operations in 100 European cities.

· Overestimated size of market expected daily shipments to move toward US's level of million, unfortunately only reach 100,000 units per day.

Opportunities

· FedEx could research the market in other parts of the world where there is a demand for their service.

· With a competitive advantage, they could capture more market share in the existing market. They have an opportunity to stand distinct from their direct competitors.

· FedEx could obtain more overseas growth more effectively rather than develop the foreign business opportunities on its own, especially moving into Asia.

· They had to alter some parts of their operations according to the new markets needs.

Threats

· A major threat is their direct competitors DHL, TNT, and UPS as they went global as well.

· Technology became a threat in the early eighties when fax machines became a popular tool.

· Foreign government regulations

a) Japan was protected by local express carrier companies

b) Packages over 70 pounds were prohibited, even if en route to other destination

c) In result to these obstacles in Tokyo, a loss of $1 million dollars was taken

· Extreme debts of $880 million- Tiger International added to their debt and soon after increased the debt to $.1 billion.

· Tiger was designed for slow and heavy freight, opposite to the need of FedEx- fast, small packages.

· Overnight deliveries are not as popular in Europe as they are the US.

· Rivals picked up their business that they couldn't handle due to the cut back of operations in European cities.

P.E.S.T Analysis

Political

· Foreign governments in Europe and Japan had regulations concerning the weight of the packages. Packages must be less than 70 pounds to enter Japan even if en route to a destination.

Economical

· FedEx operations took over the US carrier businesses.

· Europe took a downward jump, eliminating 6600 jobs and 100 FedEx operations throughout Europe.

Social

· European cities were not as big on overnight deliveries. Their operations didn't have as great of demand as the US.

Technological

· Fax machines, email and cell phones may show to have an affect on FedEx.

With their website interaction, customers can reach them anytime, anywhere to retrieve information and make orders. Their website has many advantages such as 4 hour service and assistance as well as tracking their parcel's whereabouts.

Company Objectives

· To become the largest and best transportation company in the world.

· Consider international business to be as important as domestic business.

· Reassure Flying Tiger customers to do business with them after the acquisition.

· Seek additional growth over seas.

· Change some parts of its formula to meet the needs of its new market.

· Focus on the more lucrative small package overnight business.

Alternative Course of Action

1. Buy out all major competitors

pros

-could monopolize the industry

-could utilize the strengths that other companies have to offer

-could take over the UPS and TNT names and divide each name into a market group and offer different rates and guarantees

cons

-will be very costly

-will involve a lot of time and extensive paperwork

. Create a team of researchers to travel around the world and conduct surveys and use other methods of primary research to find out customer needs and wants

pros

-will be able to learn about cultural differences

-create awareness of the company

-learn about country laws

-learn about consumer demand and importance of freight in the communities

cons

-time consuming

-could be very costly

-results may not be essential enough for company success and will greatly increase debt

. Continue downsizing and reduce the amount of global transportation of packages to lower operational costs

pros

-less employees to pay as well as compensate for

-can compete at the same price levels as competitors to obtain greater market share

-may increase demand for global shipping and could re-enter the global market when the time is right

-concentrate more on return business

cons

-loss of a lot of consumers who rely on Fed Ex help keep their business running

-will be responsible for the unemployment of many people

-could be responsible for the bankruptcy of a foreign small business

-Fed Ex wants to be the largest and best shipping company

4. Create an edge that that no competitor can top, develop a promotional offer possibly a cross promotion with a new product that no consumer could resist

pros

-will gain market share

-won't be too expensive

-will possibly help a new product enter the market

-could help develop a larger database of one time users based on promotion

cons

-may actually deter consumers

-promotion may get beaten by competitor

-may not be a new product to promote

-may not work due to consumers brand loyalty for the competition

Recommendations

We feel that Fed Ex should consider buying out all major competitors and monopolize the industry. By doing this Fed Ex can set industry prices best suit the needs of the customers as well as their own. The competitors such as UPS, DHL and TNT all have individual strengths that no one else knows about whether it be primary research, customer data bases or large accounts. Fed Ex could utilize this information and create a corporation that is flawless and fast. They could offer royalties to the former company owners and develop a service that will reach individual markets based on individual company names. By doing this it will increase shipping productivity and possibly help the economy by providing more business transactions than ever seen before. Although time consuming and high costs of extensive paperwork, becoming one is like becoming an all-star team. All number one assets working together to be the best.

Please note that this sample paper on Fed Ex is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Fed Ex, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Fed Ex will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!