Compare/Contrast Loneliness of the long distance runner and Color Purple

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Compare and Contrast the ways in which the film version of The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner and The Color Purple treat the political and social questions raised in the corresponding novels.

Alice Walker and Alan Sillitoe novels are an illustrative tale of our society inevitable course, and the social and political issues prevalent in that period. These issues have sometimes placed these books in precarious positions where they create controversy in these same societies. So controversial, that the film versions are not created and until years later when the political and social questions raised in these novels can be easily accepted by the critics. Socially conscious filmmakers make these period novels into film to give us a broader insight or to capitalize on the success of the novel. However, film versions are not always successful in depicting the political and social questions raised in the novels but filmmakers have felt socially committed to not only to tell the story, but to engage the mind and senses as well. The films The Color Purple and The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner are filled with exploitation, Homosexuality, rape, domestic abuse, racism, and class struggles.

Tony Richardson's film, The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner touches on a number of relevant issues during the period in which it is set, including the struggles of working class, and the exploitation of the protagonist Colin Smith and the other boys in the borstal. During this period, there was a division in Britain into two distinct classes the rich upper class and the poor working class. In the novel Smith elaborates his theory of "them" and "us" otherwise characterized as the law abiding middle and upper class majority and the substantial poor minority working class. In fact, the film uses location to show us the social issues of classes in 150's Britain. Evidence of this appears in the scene where Colin and Mike take two girls onto a hill, while dark clouds of smoke billow in the background. The pollution from the factories was clearly visible in the film and we are left to wonder if this could have contributed to his father's cancer. In order to support his family, Colin's father toiled in the local factory for a measly paycheck. Colin wishing to avoid the life which was to be his destiny refuses a similar job at the same factory and evens burns the portions of his father's death benefits in protest of the system. He feels trapped in his environment with what seems to be no positive outlook. He will either have to work in a factory or become a career criminal. The novel does not show us Colin's real life situation, but instead shows us how certain situation is perceived and his thoughts on various events in his life. "I'd never known a family as happy as ours was in that couple of months when we'd got all the money we needed" (1). But in the film we are shown how disgusted he was with his situation, when he decides to burn the money given to him by his mother after his father's death. We see a rebellious young man driven to the depth of despair to which one can sink because of poverty and we almost begin to feel sorry for him.

The persistent desire for money, implanted in him by his mother, compels Colin to rob a bakery and he is sent away to a Borstal for rehabilitation. Both the book and the movie raise questions about the intentions of the governor. The governor uses his political aspirations to exploit Colin and the boys at the Borstal for his own personal gain. He wants his Borstal to be known as having the best athletes and being the first to compete against a private school. Colin's one great talent, his ability in running singles him out for the governor's preferential treatment. In the film, the governors singles him out for polite conversation and upgrades his work detail from cleaning machine parts in a small shed to working in an outdoor garden with fresh air. The film seems brighter and the disposition of the boys change, they are now joking around and everyone seems to be in a joyous mood except Stacy, the head of Duke house, and the one time favorite of the governor. The only hint we are given in the novel of Colin's preferred status is when he's allowed to do his long distance running without a guard supervising and when " the governors talks to me when he comes on his rounds, almost as he'd talk to his prize race horse" (1). He realizes with all the talks of honesty, "we want hard honest work and we want good athletics (10) is a farce and a means to an end. The governor has told him to be "honest" but he sees that he is more honest than the governor. The governor is referring to honesty as a respect for other peoples property but Smith takes "honesty" to mean being true to one's principles and personal integrity. He is aware that to win the race would be help the governor in his political aspirations of putting his Borstal on the map and making a name for himself, and to lose he would remain true to himself. At the end of the film we are not shown what happens to Colin when he loses the race on purpose. We know only that he is a success at beating the governor at his own game. However, the novel shows that even though he was successful in that sense he was not successful at being rehabilitated, but goes back to a life of crime with the intention of not being caught.

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In the film, The Color Purple, Steven Spielberg chooses to include and exclude highly controversial social issues raised in the novel. For instance, in the novel Celia speaks of being beaten by Mr. "sometime beat me anyhow, I say, whether I do what he say or not" (66). She is also physically and sexually abused by the man who she thinks is her father but we are not given any evidence of this in the film. There are no black eyes, no bruises and no broken arms however, the physical abuse permeate the novel. Mr. only stops beating Celie after Shug tell him not to. Sophia is incensed when she found out that Celie was the one who told Harpo to beat her. The physical abuse is an area where Spielberg seems to tread lightly.

The lesbian relationship between Celie and Shug is not explored at all in the film. It is only implied during the intimate interaction between Celie and Shug. When Celie meets Shug for the first time she is beside herself when she realizes that her face is a mess and she's wearing clothes, in fact the look in Celie's eyes throughout the film when she gazes at Shug is one of a love struck teenager.

Racism is another social issue which does not get a lot of play in the film. The novel goes into detail to tell us of the plight of the Olinka Tribe in Africa whose village is ultimately destroyed by the road builders and who is eventually forced to pay rent on the land that belonged to them for centuries. We are introduced to Doris Baines and her African grandson. There she uses her wealth to set up a reciprocal arrangement that in fact reflects her political power to buy whatever she wants. But she does not use her power and money to make the world aware of the plight of the Olinka tribe or any other tribe throughout Africa. She has written several books on the way of life of Akwee tribe for her own personal gain. Spielberg omits this from his film version and we are left to wonder if this is due to the strained race relations of African American and whites at the time the film was made.

Squeaks rape is an intensely and highly political act. Squeaks rape exposes the denial of kinship at the heart of race relation in the south. Mr. Reveals the kinship relations between whites and blacks in the community that it is assumed that someone would be related by blood to the warden. That someone, of course, is Squeak. Hopeful that she will be able to gain Sophia's release from the warden on the basis of kinship, the other dress Squeak up like a white woman with instructions to make him " see the Hodges in you" (8). This was never addressed in the film.

In conclusion, both film versions of the novels are well made commentary on the social and political issues raised in the corresponding novels, which are present in today's day society. They are films have a strong visual style, with an important story that wouldn't normally receive attention. Although, some of the important issues were not addressed in the film we realize that there are certain issues that our country and the world are not quite ready to deal with.

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Age Discrimination

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Abstract

I have chosen age discrimination as the topic of this discrimination paper. I have chosen the topic based on event s that are happen in the field I am working in, engineering and construction. As corporation try and remain competitive in this market they are making decisions that are effecting employees with substantial experience and salaries. My planed approach to this paper is to justify the staffing requirements that need to be made by this corporation so that they may remain competitive in this aggressive market. I have chosen a woman that at the age of nearing 40 has been replaced by a much younger qualified but experience engineer. Under Title VII the woman being replace does not legally have a case but she feels that she has been wrongfully terminated based on the fact she is nearing 40 years old and replace by this younger employee.

Jane Doe is a well-respected engineer in the business. She has specialized in safety systems and understands the concepts and analyses of such systems to ensure companies design, engineer and build these plants safely. Jane is years old and is at the upper range of her salary level and is due for a promotion in the up coming employee evaluation. The average age in the engineering business is 45 and ABC engineering is looking at hiring in new graduates to help ensure that they will have an edge in the market when the older generation begins to retire. With a recent downturn in engineering and construction of major petrochemical facilities ABC has decided to hire in new graduates at less cost and let the older engineers with 0 plus years of experience train them. With this decision ABC decides to replace Jane with a much less experienced engineer in hopes that the more experienced will train this person to do the job that Jane has done in the past. At less cost to the company ABC hopes to groom this individual into their next generation of safety engineers and level off the average age of engineers within its organization.

The company advised Jane that she was to be terminated due to turndowns and the need to keep some positions open her position was one of the they felt could be replaced. Once the company has made their decision to relieve Jane of her duties at ABC they find that she has filed a wrongful termination suite based on age discrimination. Jane understands that Title VII does not protect those under the age of 40 but she is to be 40 in two weeks and feels that she has been terminated based on that principle alone. ABC's position is on e that they must make changes to remain competitive in the market and their approach was to replace some employees in positions they felt could be learned by younger less expensive engineers. From ABC's perspective this was purely a business move that was necessary to remain competitive in an ever changing business market.

There is no legitimate legal reason why this suite would even make it as far as litigation. Although Jane Doe feels she has been wrongfully terminated Title VII doe not protect those under 40, even if they are approaching 40. The move to hire in less expensive help does not discriminate against Jane because they legally have the right to discriminate against her. They made the move as so they could remain competitive and in this case replacing Jane with a younger qualified engineer is up to ABC discretion.

Data used to prove that the average age of engineers in the business was used by ABC to prove that they must make business changes. Not only did the average age of engineers in the business help qualify their position but the fact that they could hire young degreed engineers to fill some positions they felt were applicable it was an added benefit that they come at less expensive rates. Disparate treatment in this case in not an issue, the fact that the company felt Jane's position was one that could be done by a less experienced engineer has not treated her any differently than any of the other effected engineering positions by this downturn.

In conclusion I recommend to management that they stand behind their decision and that Jane does not have a legal position against them. Although she is approaching 40, under Title VII she is not of protected class and this is a business decision that had to be made by the company. I would recommend that as the business climate changes we look at bringing back the experience we have lost with this certain generation of employees as they can one day too help train the younger engineers that will be the future of this company.

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Inspiration

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Im sure you are thinking that this is going to be yet another essay about how great and inspiring my mother or father are, or perhaps my sister, brother or some other close family member. However, this essay is not about a family member or a friend or even someone that I know personally. This is about an idea.

We have been asked to write a report about an inspiring person in our life. Truthfully though, I can't pinpoint just one person. Every person that I have ever met has inspired me in some sort of way. Whether it is good or bad, it's still an inspiration. That's why instead of trying to pinpoint a single person, I pinpointed a society. The musicians' society has been the most inspiring thing in my life.

They are people, so technically you have gotten the correct essay, but the reasons for them being so inspiring may be different. I grew up in the late 80's early 0's listening to Janet Jackson, Tiffany, Brandy, and many others. I was inspired every single time that I put on a tape or listened to a music channel. If you really go into depth it makes perfect sense. Music is such a huge part of so many people's lives. For example. If I am feeling down, I love to just sit and listened to music, because it always gives me some sort of inspiration to change things or make them better. The same works if you are feeling great. If you throw on a fast beat great song at work, it makes your day a million times better because it keeps your mood going.

Music has inspired me to do so many things, such as, stay in school, love like you will never be hurt, always keep your head up, and most importantly it has taught me that no matter what happens in life, as long as you are alive and have love nothing else matters. When your parents are constantly yelling at you and you feel like you can't escape, just throwing on a record and sitting there will make you realize they are only looking out for your well being. I honestly believe that without music I wouldn't be where I am today. Music lets your interpretation always be correct and lets you use it however you want. Music has the power to change so many more things than most people would ever believe.

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Therefore I guess you could say that Janet Jackson, Eve, Pink, Usher, DMX, or any other musician have been the most inspirational people in my life. Sure my mom has inspired me as well as the rest of my family, but when I think about it. Music has made me think, and made me be my own inspiration.

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Fed Ex

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Introduction

Federal Express achieved a great deal of success in the 170's with a pioneering approach to overnight delivery of letters and packages in the U.S.A. After several booming years of catering to customers needs, FedEx's growth in the United States slowed considerably. This was due to direct competition from United Parcel Service, and the increased popularity of the fax machine. At this time FedEx founder, Fredrick Smith began to look elsewhere for opportunities for new growth.

Problems

FedEx made more than 0 international acquisitions, including courier services and trucking operations. But strong overseas rivals, DHL Worldwide Express and TNT were becoming deep-rooted in Europe. In addition, government regulations posed a problem, resulting in a million dollar a month loss for an entire year. In 188, FedEx acquired Tiger International, the worlds biggest air heavy-cargo company, which included the Flying Tiger Line. However this acquisition brought a number of challenges

· The move more then doubled FedEx's debt

· Tiger's system was designed for slow-moving, heavy freight a sharp contrast to FedEx's high speed network

· European rivals were likely to also make global acquisitions

· FedEx stood to lose customers that had traditionally used Flying Tiger

It was clear that the European Market was much harder to crack then FedEx thought. They had a strong push from their competitors, but most importantly they overestimated the size of the market and failed to do market research on the what and how the European market would be utilizing their services.

Current Situation

S.W.O.T Analysis

Strengths

· Accomplished great success in the 170's, pioneering the service of distributing packages and letters in the United States.

· Successfully served customers for many years (170's-18, when rivals approached the market).

· The founder, Frederick Smith was very motivated and has a great desire to be the best; he has a goal to be, "the largest and best transportation company in the world" (5).

He also stated in 188 "We consider our international business to be as important as our domestic business" (5). This statement is showing his determination to be the best he can be in both markets.

· Strategically designated Flying Tiger to ship to international countries where no airport-landing restrictions existed.

· Managed to gain ability to operate in all 1 countries of the European Community, with this FedEx took advantage of reduced restrictions on surface transportation companies.

· Barge company painted FedEx's colours orange and purple on the barges

· FedEx was the first of three (DHL, UPS) to have a homepage accessible to its customers for gathering information and ordering pickups online.

Weaknesses

· FedEx found difficulty in dealing with rival competitors.

· They lacked research concerning obstacles in foreign countries and markets

a) Regulations for shipment time/weight

b) Protection of local carrier companies

c) Understated the complexity of expanding into European market

· Losses in four years totaled $1. billion which lead to firing 6600 employees and the closing of operations in 100 European cities.

· Overestimated size of market expected daily shipments to move toward US's level of million, unfortunately only reach 100,000 units per day.

Opportunities

· FedEx could research the market in other parts of the world where there is a demand for their service.

· With a competitive advantage, they could capture more market share in the existing market. They have an opportunity to stand distinct from their direct competitors.

· FedEx could obtain more overseas growth more effectively rather than develop the foreign business opportunities on its own, especially moving into Asia.

· They had to alter some parts of their operations according to the new markets needs.

Threats

· A major threat is their direct competitors DHL, TNT, and UPS as they went global as well.

· Technology became a threat in the early eighties when fax machines became a popular tool.

· Foreign government regulations

a) Japan was protected by local express carrier companies

b) Packages over 70 pounds were prohibited, even if en route to other destination

c) In result to these obstacles in Tokyo, a loss of $1 million dollars was taken

· Extreme debts of $880 million- Tiger International added to their debt and soon after increased the debt to $.1 billion.

· Tiger was designed for slow and heavy freight, opposite to the need of FedEx- fast, small packages.

· Overnight deliveries are not as popular in Europe as they are the US.

· Rivals picked up their business that they couldn't handle due to the cut back of operations in European cities.

P.E.S.T Analysis

Political

· Foreign governments in Europe and Japan had regulations concerning the weight of the packages. Packages must be less than 70 pounds to enter Japan even if en route to a destination.

Economical

· FedEx operations took over the US carrier businesses.

· Europe took a downward jump, eliminating 6600 jobs and 100 FedEx operations throughout Europe.

Social

· European cities were not as big on overnight deliveries. Their operations didn't have as great of demand as the US.

Technological

· Fax machines, email and cell phones may show to have an affect on FedEx.

With their website interaction, customers can reach them anytime, anywhere to retrieve information and make orders. Their website has many advantages such as 4 hour service and assistance as well as tracking their parcel's whereabouts.

Company Objectives

· To become the largest and best transportation company in the world.

· Consider international business to be as important as domestic business.

· Reassure Flying Tiger customers to do business with them after the acquisition.

· Seek additional growth over seas.

· Change some parts of its formula to meet the needs of its new market.

· Focus on the more lucrative small package overnight business.

Alternative Course of Action

1. Buy out all major competitors

pros

-could monopolize the industry

-could utilize the strengths that other companies have to offer

-could take over the UPS and TNT names and divide each name into a market group and offer different rates and guarantees

cons

-will be very costly

-will involve a lot of time and extensive paperwork

. Create a team of researchers to travel around the world and conduct surveys and use other methods of primary research to find out customer needs and wants

pros

-will be able to learn about cultural differences

-create awareness of the company

-learn about country laws

-learn about consumer demand and importance of freight in the communities

cons

-time consuming

-could be very costly

-results may not be essential enough for company success and will greatly increase debt

. Continue downsizing and reduce the amount of global transportation of packages to lower operational costs

pros

-less employees to pay as well as compensate for

-can compete at the same price levels as competitors to obtain greater market share

-may increase demand for global shipping and could re-enter the global market when the time is right

-concentrate more on return business

cons

-loss of a lot of consumers who rely on Fed Ex help keep their business running

-will be responsible for the unemployment of many people

-could be responsible for the bankruptcy of a foreign small business

-Fed Ex wants to be the largest and best shipping company

4. Create an edge that that no competitor can top, develop a promotional offer possibly a cross promotion with a new product that no consumer could resist

pros

-will gain market share

-won't be too expensive

-will possibly help a new product enter the market

-could help develop a larger database of one time users based on promotion

cons

-may actually deter consumers

-promotion may get beaten by competitor

-may not be a new product to promote

-may not work due to consumers brand loyalty for the competition

Recommendations

We feel that Fed Ex should consider buying out all major competitors and monopolize the industry. By doing this Fed Ex can set industry prices best suit the needs of the customers as well as their own. The competitors such as UPS, DHL and TNT all have individual strengths that no one else knows about whether it be primary research, customer data bases or large accounts. Fed Ex could utilize this information and create a corporation that is flawless and fast. They could offer royalties to the former company owners and develop a service that will reach individual markets based on individual company names. By doing this it will increase shipping productivity and possibly help the economy by providing more business transactions than ever seen before. Although time consuming and high costs of extensive paperwork, becoming one is like becoming an all-star team. All number one assets working together to be the best.

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Prayer Session Exodus 2:23-3:10

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There may have been times in your life when you cried out to God; there may have been a death in your family, serious illness or some other problem that lead you to call on God's help. Today we will look at Exodus -10, which looks at God's response to the suffering of the Israelites. Even though this was written thousands of years ago, your cry for help is the same to God as the suffering of the Israelites.

The opening part of the passage states that "the Israelites were still groaning under their slavery and cried out for help. Their cry went up to God………". The Israelites had been in Egypt for about 400 years. They were slaves and the Egyptians were killing their baby boys. They cried out to God. A God they did not know, but had heard about through stories past down from generation to generation. But does God care? Does he remember his people? Their suffering was long and lasted for many generations. When we suffer, we need to have patience. God does not always give us what he promised right away.

The passage continues "…………And God remembered his covenant with Abraham, Issac and Jacob. He saw the slavery of the Israelites and was concerned for them". The covenant God made with Abraham was a binding one. God was bound to his people because of the covenant. A covenant can be described as

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an agreement which brings about a relationship of commitment between God and his people. (New Oxford Dictionary of English).

Each party makes a promise to the other, and God promised to meet his obligations towards his people. God does not negotiate the terms of a covenant. The people could only accept or decline the offer. Most covenants include duties and responsibilities of each party. Israel however, broke the covenant with God by not keeping to the commitments they made.

God wanted to save his people and show them that he would keep his earlier promise. When he made the covenant God bound himself to Abraham and his descendants. God led them out of Egypt because he loves sinners and he made a covenant with them. He made a promise to Abraham and he kept it.

As Christians, we need to always remember that Jesus loved us, (sinners) and he died for us. We must never think that God doesn't love us or care for us. God's covenant with us today was made when Jesus died for our sins.

As the Israelites were praying in despair and crying to God, he was already answering their prayers. A man named Moses was tending the sheep of his father in law, when God decided to speak to him. Moses saw a fire in a bush, but this was no ordinary fire. When God called to Moses from the burning bush, Moses was curious. He saw that the bush was burning but not consumed. This fact showed Moses that God has absolute power over nature. This would have been a terrifying experience. I'm sure Moses would have been afraid. God is able to suspend the scientific properties of fire and can turn the laws of nature upside down. God is not bound by the laws of chemistry or physics. He created all things and is in full and total control of nature. The burning bush showed Moses that God is present and making a revelation to him. God tells Moses the divine name Yahweh, and commissions him to ask Pharoah for the release of the Hebrews. God was preparing Moses to lead the people out of Egypt to a rich and fertile land. Moses was going to learn to trust God, just as we need to trust God.

What are your sorrows? What are your pains? Whatever your sorrows and whatever your pains, you must know that

God hears you- Every word you cry out, even your unspoken thoughts.

God remembers- God remembers his promises and he is faithful to them.

God sees- He knows what has happened and what is in the future.

God knows- He knows you- your sins, your weaknesses and your

Failures. He knows his plans for you. He knows where he

will lead you, so hold on and trust in the Lord.

Lord, there is so much fear in the world. There are wars, there is hatred and division. Help us to trust in you, no matter what the future may hold.

God's reply to this prayer may be found in Jeremiah 010

" My people, do not be afraid…….. do not be terrified, I will rescue you from that distant land…………. And you will live in peace………. You will be secure and no one will make you afraid.

For this prayer session I would use the hymn " Here I am Lord"

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State of the union address

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State of the Union Address

The State of the Union Address was given January 7, 00 by President Bush. An annual address given by the president to discuss future plans and about the conditions of the nation as a whole. The two main issues at hand were economic concerns at home and foreign policy. I feel not much has been accomplished in the past year, but the President begged to differ. He opened with numerous forms of glittering generalities. It was obvious that everything he was saying was like giving Americans a "pep rally". He went from saying, "All these days of promise...we can be confident...our union is strong." President Bush made vague statements that all Americans could agree with. Next the President moved on to the accomplishments he has made. He opened with the newly found Dept. Of Homeland Security. Also how it has become effective. Then he continued to speak upon education plans and reforms that must occur. Also how Americans have been able to experience tax reliefs. As a Virginian, we have definately been able to feel tax relief, but have also been punished with closure of DMV, and massive job loss. Next Mr. President continued to make false promises, as it would appear. He began with guareenting more tax relief. Also, he made promises refering to social security, and marriage taxes. The President feels that youth who work should be able to invest in their retirement plans and own them personally. I feel that teenagers don't have the knowledge or maturity to take control of their futures in such a dramatic way. The president also wants to make affordable health for all Americans. During his speech, President Bush states what would appear as many democratic views. He goes into air and forest acts. Also goes deeply into the enviroment and his concerns. Continues on with education and what must occur. Along with that, he went into social security reforms. I thought that the majority of the speech was false promises and glittering generalities, basically what all Americans want to hear. The only good part was discussions on Iraq and what needs to occur. He discussed how Iraq was a threat to the world and something needs to be done. The President gave a good speech, but at the same time, he appeared to be a lost puppy at the podiuom. He looked very uneasy at many of the applauses, and it seemed as though a third of the speech was just people clapping.

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Lying

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What do the scholars say about lying?

The New Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines a lie as an untrue statement with intent to deceive (18). Lying is the act of telling a lie, and is defined by the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology as "intentionally (trying) to mislead someone" (DePaulo et. al, 18 p. 6). Lying is by definition an inauthentic communication; as such cannot serve the need for genuine relatedness (DePaulo, et. al., 18). Furthermore, it violates the openness and authenticity that people value in their close relationships. In addition, social interactions where lies were told were found to be less pleasant and less intimate than those in which no lies were told (DePaulo et. al., 16).

In "Lying in Everyday Life," authors argue that lying is often seen and or described as a selfish act, and that lies are often told to benefit the self rather than benefit others. They conclude that people lie to get jobs, promotions, raises, good grades, and better commissions. In support of that, lies are also told in order to gain psychological rewards such as esteem, affection, and respect. Some social interaction theorists believe that lies of everyday life are told to avoid tension and conflict and to minimize hurt feelings and ill will. They also believe that when people lie about their feelings, preferences and opinions, they are likely to receive a positive response rather than a negative one.

Lying is a part of social life. Surprisingly, day-to-day lying is of minor cognitive or emotional significance to the liars themselves, even though in general, lying is somewhat of a condemned behavior in western society. In a study conducted by DePaulo and Kashy people reported telling one lie in every five of their social interactions, and college students reported telling three lies per interaction (18). "In both groups, the participants were about twice as likely to tell lies that benefited themselves in some ways (self-centered lies) than to tell lies that benefited others (other-oriented, or altruistic, lies)" (DePaulo et. al., 18 p.6).

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However, even though lying has become a common part of life, which most have come to accept, Sissela Bok notes that lying (deceit) is a form of deliberate assault on human beings, which can coerce people into acting against their will (1). She argues that lying distorts information and our situation as we perceive it, as well as our choices. Bok quotes Hartmann in that a lie "injures the deceived person in his life; it leads him astray" (1, p.1). According to Bok, lying (deceit) takes on two different perspectives (1) the perspective of the deceived, and () the perspective of the liar (1).

The perspective of the deceived is that following the deceit they are left with feelings of resentment, disappointment, suspicion, and left wary of all deception. It is shared by all those who feel the consequences of a lie; whether or not they are themselves lied to. Bok uses the following example "When, for instance, the American public and world opinion were falsely led to believe that bombing in Cambodia had not begun, the Cambodians themselves bore the heaviest consequences, though they can hardly be said to have been deceived about the bombing itself" (1, p.1). Bok believes that lying requires a reason, while truth-telling does not, and reasons must be produced to show why a particular lie is not mean and culpable (1). In contrast, the perspective of the liar takes on a different twist from the latter. Oddly enough, liars do not like to be deceived as don't their counterparts. It is okay for them to lie, but insistent that others practice honesty. Bok calls this a "free-rider" status, having the benefits of lying without the risks of being lied to (1). Liars use this "free-rider" status as an excuse to lie. It is often clear to people how lying can affect those who have been lied to, but often fail to understand that lying also affects the liar. If the liar is found out, his credibility and respect are damaged.

Moreover, lying has some of the same components as secret keeping. A secret is something that is kept intentionally hidden, set apart in the mind of its keeper as requiring concealment (Bok, 18). Psychology Today examined secret keeping and said that it is more difficult to keep secrets than imagined. People must constantly monitor what they do and say, especially in the presence of those from whom they are keeping the secret. Secrecy also requires the suppression of thoughts about that secret. All of the work and effort involved in keeping secrets can take a biological toll. A study showed that the greater the concealment, the higher the rates of disease and death (Anderson, 00).

The Ethics of Lying…

The question in debate is whether or not one should lie. Is lying right or wrong? Is lying acceptable in certain situations? Immanuel Kant argues that lying is morally wrong. According to the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics at Santa Clara University, Kant also argues that "all persons are born with an intrinsic worth that he called human dignity. This dignity derives from the fact that humans are uniquely rational agents, capable of freely making their own decisions, setting their own goals, and guiding their conduct by reason. To be human, said Kant, is to have the rational power of free choice; to be ethical, he continued, is to respect that power in oneself and others" (Mazur, 1 p.1).

Mazur notes that lying is morally wrong for two reasons (1) lying corrupts the most important quality of being human the ability to make free, rational choices, () lying robs others of their freedom to choose rationally. When lying leads people to decide other than they would had they known the truth, their human dignity and autonomy have been harmed. Furthermore, Kant believed that to value ourselves and others as ends instead of means, we have perfect duties to avoid damaging, interfering with, or misusing the ability to make free decisions (1).

However, utilitarians base their reasoning on the claim that actions, including lying, are morally acceptable when the resulting consequences maximize benefit or minimize harm. A lie is not always immoral. When lying is necessary to maximize benefit or minimize harm, it may be immoral not to lie. In addition, altruistic or noble lies, which specifically intend to benefit someone else, can also be considered morally acceptable (1). Mazur provides a good example of this, "Picture the doctor telling her depressed patient that there is a 50 percent probability that he will recover, when in truth all tests confirm the man has only six months to live. The doctor knows from years of experience that, if she told this type of patient the truth, he would probably fall deeper into depression or possibly commit suicide. With the hope of recovery, though, he will most likely cherish his remaining time" (1 p.1).

Why I believe this is an important issue…

I think that lying is a very important issue which should always be addressed seriously. Lying takes place everyday, by all kinds of people, especially successful ones. It has become habit to some, and second nature to others. Just like with anything there are always two sides of a coin, or better yet, two sides of a story. However, from my perspective lying is an immoral behavior which should not be condoned, unless the justification exceeds the means. People often don't realize the severity of a little white lie and how many little white lies can turn into a perpetual cycle of lying affecting the liar and the ones lied to. Moreover, it could forever damage relationships, careers, and reputations. Lying is probably one of the biggest ethical dilemmas which currently exist. So the question still stands "to lie or not to lie?" my answer is this, "it depends."

Conclusion

From Kant to Bok there are a number of ways one could analyze the dynamics and moral stances of lying. All agree that lying is making an untrue statement with the intent to mislead. There is not a single way to look at the issue of lying. Some believe that doing the right thing means not lying ever, despite valid justifications possibly involving one's life. Others believe that it is okay to lie given sound reasoning, or for the better good of people. There is a happy medium, which is the position I choose to take on the issue. I agree with both the Kantian view as well as the Utilitarian view…it just depends on the situation.

References

Anderson, N. (00). Secrets and Lies. Psychology Today, 6 (), 60-65.

Bok, S. (1). Lying. New York, NY Vintage Books.

Bok, S. (18). Secrets. New York, NY Vintage Books.

Cooper, H., Charlton, K., DePaulo, B., Lindsay, J., Malone, B., & Muhlenbruck, L. (00). Cues to Deception. Psychological Bulletin, 1 (1), 74-118.

DePaulo, B., & Kashy, D. (18). Everyday Lies in Close and Casual Relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74 (1), 6-7.

DePaulo, B., Epstein, J., Kashy, D., Kirkendol, S., & Wyer, M. (16). Lying in Everyday Life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70 (5), 7-5.

Mazur, T. (1). Lying. Issues in Ethics, 6 (1), 1.

Please note that this sample paper on Lying is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Lying, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Lying will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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