Resistance of a Wire

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Plan

In this investigation I am going to look at how the resistance of a piece of copper wire differs depending on its length. In stages of 10cm. For this I will need

· Power source To supply the electricity.

· Variable resistor To control the voltage flowing across it.

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· Voltmeter used to measure the potential difference between two points.

· Ammeter used for measuring amount of current in a circuit.

· Crocodile clips to alter the length of the copper wire without actually cutting it.

And obviously copper wire and leads to connect the instruments together.

There are certain aspects to the investigation that could affect the results, these are known as variables. Some of the variables that are relevant to my investigation are

· Length

· Thickness

· Temperature of wire

· Material used

· Voltage passing through

To make the data I collect valid I must maintain control of these variables and keep them the same through out. They way I will maintain them are; Length, if I say the piece of wire is 0cm I must make sure it is exactly 0cm. Thickness, If I used more then one piece of copper wire there is a great chance the thickness would differ. So to prevent this I will only use one piece.

Temperature of wire, when the wire heats up it causes more resistance. Resistance is caused when these electrons flowing towards the positive terminal collide into ions and they lose energy, to keep the wire at a low temperature I will use a variable resistor. Material used, I am going to use a copper wire throughout. Voltage, the more voltage the more resistance, I must try to keep the voltage at roughly the same level, for this I will have to place my trust into the makers of the power-packs we use. If the dial is set to 6 volts then I must trust it is actually 6v (or neigh on) and I mustn't adjust the dial throughout the experiment. If I do not maintain these variables my conclusion may come out false, as my results were not taken under the same condition.

I think that the longer the wire the more resistance this is because metals conduct electricity as the atoms in them do not hold on to their electrons very well, and create free electrons. As I said before resistance is caused when these electrons flowing towards the positive terminal collide into ions and they lose energy. So if we double the length of a wire, the number of atoms in the wire doubles, so the number of collisions double, so twice the amount of energy is required. Resistance is measured in Ohms. Resistance is a measure of how much the current is slowed down. Therefore the smaller the current, the bigger the resistance.

R= V / I Is an expression of Ohms Law

Resistance = Voltage / Electric current

1. Take a power source and connect a lead to one black port and one red port. See fig.1

. Connect the Variable resistor to the red lead. See fig

. Connect a lead to the open port on the variable resistor (see fig a) (correct way to connect a variable resistor)

Attach a crocodile clip to the end of the lead and clip it onto the bronze wire at 0cm. See fig

4. Connect another lead with a crocodile clip a 100cm to the copper wire and plug the other end into an ammeter join the black lead from the power source to the ammeter as well. See fig 4

5. Now we must loop the voltmeter around the copper wire. To do this we must plug a lead in each of the back ports connected to the copper wire. Then plug the lose ends into a voltmeter. See fig 5

The initial work I did was actually doing the rough trials at different voltages and noting the results down. For the final results I will take readings from the wire in stages of 10cm. I will take the reading three times for each length, then add the three readings up and divide by three to give me an average reading for that specific length. I will also keep the voltage the same for all three trials.

Observations

To work out the resistance, I implicated ohms law.

Test one

Length of wire (cm) Potential difference (Volts) Electric current (amps) Resistance (ohms)

10 0.50 0.81 0.6

0 0.80 0.76 1.05

0 1.0 0.71 1.55

40 1.5 0.66 .05

50 1.55 0.6 .50

60 1.7 0.55 .15

70 1.86 0.5 .51

80 .00 0.51 .

0 .17 0.4 4.4

100 .0 0.47 4.8

Test two

Length of wire (cm) Potential difference (volts) Electric current (amps) Resistance (ohms)

10 0.50 0.8 0.61

0 0.85 0.76 1.1

0 1.01 0.7 1.8

40 1.5 0.68 1.84

50 1.55 0.64 .8

60 1.7 0.60 .80

70 1.86 0.57 .6

80 .00 0.5 .7

0 .17 0.51 4.7

100 .0 0.48 4.7

Test three

Length on wire (cm) Potential difference (volts) Electric current (amps) Resistance (ohms)

10 0.4 0.8 0.5

0 0.85 0.77 1.10

0 1.06 0.7 1.47

40 1.8 0.66 1.4

50 1.48 0.64 .1

60 1.70 0.60 .8

70 1.8 0.56 .8

80 .0 0.54 .74

0 . 0.51 4.5

100 .0 0.48 4.7

To work out the resistance we must apply Ohms law

R= V / I Is an expression of Ohms Law

Resistance = Voltage / Electric current. So in test one, when the wire is 0cm long the volts (p-d) is 1.0, the electric current (I) is 0.71. So, 1.0/0.71 = Resistance, 1.0/0.71= 1.55(reoccurring) the same answer in my table. Take test two, 70cm. The volts is 1.86 and the electric current (I) is 0.57, 1.86/0.57= .6. Take test three, 50cm. The volts is 1.48 and the electric current (I) is 0.64, 1.48/0.64= .1.

Test average

Length of wire (cm) Resistance (ohms)

10 0.61

0 1.0

0 1.46

40 1.4

50 .6

60 .

70 .7

80 .8

0 4.5

100 4.8

I worked out a test average so that I could draw a graph of average data from the results, if I didn't average my results I would have had to draw three graphs.

Analysis.

The longer the wire became the more resistance created. When the wire was 10cm long the resistance was 0.61, when it was 0cm long it was 1.0. This shows us the resistance nearly doubled as the length doubled. From the length 0cm to the length 100cm the resistance increased by 0.48 ohms. I also notices that further on in my average results table as the wire length increased by 10 the resistance increased by 0.5-0.55 ohms. My results support my prediction 'I think that the longer the wire the more resistance.'

This happened because of more free electrons flying about inside the wire.

I have drawn this diagram to explain clearer.

Cross section of copper wire with electricity passing through.

Free electron Ion

Inside, the Ions are stationary, but the electrons move about. If they didn't collide with the Ions no resistance would be made. If this is still unclear then look at it like this; a man (electron) has to run through a maze (Copper wire) without hitting no walls (stationary ions) to escape (create no resistance). My prediction was the longer the wire the more resistance and my results supported this evidence. At first I though that instead of going up in stages of 10cm maybe 5cm would be better, then I realised that it didn't matter if I took two readings or two-hundred readings my answer would still be the same but the two-hundred reading one would be more detailed. Therefore I think that my results are valid proof that the longer the piece of copper wire the more resistance, but they are only valid to someone doing exactly the same experiment as me, because if someone was investigating the resistance of a piece of wire, but failed to maintain a constant temperature then I am almost certain out results would differ greatly.

Evaluation

I feel my method gave good results; I can only find three pieces of anomalous data and even those do not greatly differ from the others, they are the second, third and fourth results from my second test under the potential difference column. The only explanation I can think of is faulty power packs, maybe at that point masses of people also turned on their power packs causing a brief flux in the power. Overall I believe that my method work as to plan, unless all of my data is incorrect because I did the test wrong, but comparing my work to others it seems in order.

The only other reason I can think of as to why the results may contain anomalous data is because of variables I didn't maintain; Diameter, at some point during the piece of wire it is probable the diameter increased, this may make my results differ from others, amount of time electricity was passed through the wire prior to the reading or maybe not maintaining a constant exterior temperature. I could measure the diameter of the wire and see if the wire greatly differed in diameter at any points to prevent getting more anomalous piece of data in the future. Or maybe use a stopwatch to see how long each reading session takes.

In my investigation I used copper wire, so my final result would be that resistance increases with length in copper wire, of course this may not be the case in other materials such as; Iron, steel or gold. If I investigated the resistance with these materials my answer could be more generally defied. I could also control the amount of time the electric current was passed through before a reading was taken, maybe the longer the electric current is passed the less resistance is made, because the electrons find the shortest possible route with the least collisions.

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Types of Businesses

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Types of Businesses

1. Sole Proprietorship The first most significant limitation is that one person controls it. Because of this, one sole person is liable if the business turns belly up. The second limitation is the amount of capital that is needed to start up. Many people go into debt starting up and then never make it out of debt again.

Partnership The first disadvantage to a partnership is again the liability upon the few people. The partners are responsible financially if the company doesn't do well. The second disadvantage is that if my partner makes a dumb mistake, I could become liable for his mistake. I'm all for working together, but it is certainly a different kind of liability if you don't know whom your partners with.

Corporation The first limitation in my opinion is the additional tax increase that is bestowed upon corporations. Thus, making less money. The second disadvantage to a corporation is the separation of ownership and management, Upper level making decision s without consulting the stockholders.

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LLC Limited Liability Company's first disadvantage is the amount of paperwork that is required. Many LLC's need personal accounting and legal help to sort out and make sense of the massive amounts of paperwork. Another limitation is the amount of barriers. Such as professional degrees, might block some from entering this market.

. Sole Proprietorship The first advantage is that there is no income tax charged. This makes more capital, giving your company a real jump-start. The second advantage is the simplicity. Very little paper work is required, and is simple to do.

Partnership More people mean more resources to spread the costs. Another advantage is that there is no tax on the profits of the partnership.

Corporation - The first advantage is the liability. Liability is limited to the amount os their investment. Another advantage is the structure is the company. No one person can affect the corporation greatly.

LLC Liability, you aren't personally liable for the company's debts. The second advantage is that you are allowed to operate across state lines, and with that avoid some costs.

. General partners have unlimited liability for the debt is the firm and unlimited responsibility for its management. Limited partners contribute capital but cannot be involved in the management of the business.

4. Many states require rwo people to start up an LLC. However there are some legal actions that are being put forth that will change this so that only one person is needed to start up an LLC.

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The Flying Tigers

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Introduction

Although there were several acts of heroism during World War II, few, if any, can compare to what the Flying Tigers did for the oppressed people of China. The Flying Tigers were a motley crew of army pilots, mercenaries, and other men from all walks of life who worked together to accomplish one goal, to protect the Burma Road, China's lifeline to foreign aid. This paper will detail the history of the Flying Tigers in their heroic fight for the Chinese people's freedom.

While the rest of the world was caught up in the struggles of Europe, the Japanese Army started to attack the Chinese homeland in a play for resources and land. Although the Chinese Army had an enormous number of soldiers, most of them were unarmed and without proper training. Therefore, they stood no chance against the well equipped and battle hardened Japanese Army. In addition, the Japanese Air Force was wreaking particular havoc on Chinese cities and civilians. The Chinese Air Force (CAF) was flying junk planes that for practical purposes only provided the Japanese Air Force with extra target practice. The CAF's leaders knew they needed outside help in order to stand a chance against the Japanese. They sent scouts to America to find airmen qualified to survey their air force and make recommendations.

One of the CAF's scouts, Colonel Mao Pang Chu, attended a performance of the Three Men on the Flying Trapeze. This Army Air Force group performed flying stunts at air shows. Colonel Mao was so impressed that he offered all three pilots jobs on the spot. Initially all three refused. However, several months later the group's organizer, Claire Lee Chennault, retired. When the Chinese made another offer, he accepted. Soon he was in China where he began a whirlwind tour that took him all through the country. While he was surveying the Luoyang airfield, reports were received of Chinese troops skirmishing with the Japanese. The skirmish soon became a battle for the control of Beijing, the capital. During this moment of urgency, Chennault offered his services to the CAF. Soon he was telegramed orders to take control of the CAF's leading squadrons stationed in Nanchung. While there, he learned of the Chinese airmen's inability to fly. In addition, only a third of their airplanes was flight worthy. Chennault began training Chinese pilots, and the CAF improved drastically.

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Soon the Chinese got the chance to show off their new skills. During a raid in which the Japanese sent 1 bombers against Beijing, the CAF managed to destroy all of them before they reached their targets. This came as a great surprise to the Japanese generals who considered the Chinese pilots to be inferior. Victories became more difficult later in the war, however, when the Japanese began using a newly designed plane called the Zero. Faster than any other plane at the time, the Zero was also more maneuverable. With its new plane the Japanese air force tore the fledgling CAF to shreds. In 141, Generalissimo Chiang once again sent emissaries to the United States asking for aid. Chiang wanted American planes and pilots to fight the Japanese, who were threatening to destroy China's supply route to the outside world the now famous Burma Road. Chiang promised to pay the pilots $600 a month, plus a bonus of $500 for every Japanese airplane shot down. This was approximately three times the amount pilots were earning at the time. Chiang also offered to pay $50 a month to ground crew members willing to enlist.

When Chiang's request was presented to President Franklin Roosevelt, the President signed an Executive Order that authorized the creation of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) and extended Lend-Lease aid to China. Chennault, who had returned to the U.S. to recruit pilots and get more planes, became head of the AVG. However, because the U.S. was still at peace with Japan, a middleman, or a recruitment company based in China was needed. The private agency that was used was CAMCO (Central Aircraft Manufacturing Co.). CAMCO hired pilots and ground crew to perform non-combat services. However, the American pilots really flew for the CAF. As soon as pilot groups were assembled, they were shipped out in civilian clothes to Rangoon in Dutch passenger liners. From Rangoon, the pilots were flown immediately to the air base at Kunming.

During the following monsoon season the Kunming base became unusable. The AVG pilots were glad to leave it behind because of the intense heat that had been difficult for them to adjust to. The solution was to renovate a deserted British airfield outside of Toungoo. Soon, it was transformed into a bustling airfield. But, Chennault still faced many problems. First, although he had some experienced and qualified pilots, the majority were unqualified, and some had not flown in a year. In fact, during routine training maneuvers one pilot managed to crash three planes in one day. Second, there was a serious lack of good equipment. All of America's newly produced planes were being sent to Britain to aid them in their battle against Germany. Because China was of little strategic importance to the U.S. and its major allies, initially the AVG was sent the old and often defective planes that Britain rejected. However, once the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor in December of 141, everything changed. China was now seen as a potential ally that could halt Japanese advancement. Therefore, Chennault no longer had to disguise his motives in China.

Chennault began receiving the Curtiss P-40C Tomahawk, the newest American plane, designed for coastal defense. The Tomahawk had a top speed of 40 mph, with two .50 caliber machine guns in its nose and four 7. mm. guns in the wings. Although the Tomahawk was the best America had in 141, there were several drawbacks compared to Japanese planes. For instance, the Tomahawk was slower than the Japanese fighters and could not fly as high. Lacking a supercharger, it could not fly higher than about 0,000 feet. Therefore, Chennault had to devise tactics that would play to the Tomahawk's strong points - its fast diving speed (500 mph) and its powerful arsenal of machine guns. Against the faster and more maneuverable Japanese planes, Chennault's strategy was to fly above the enemy, then dive and open fire. This scattered the Japanese, making them easier to destroy. Chennault also advised his pilots to avoid dogfights with the faster and more maneuverable Japanese planes.

Chennault's pilots got the first chance to test their skills in late December. The Japanese sent light bombers against Kunming in a routine raid. This time, however, the AVG was prepared. In the ensuing battle, the AVG pilots destroyed four light bombers and damaged several more while sustaining no casualties of their own. The AVG had been put to the test, and it had passed with flying colors. A newsman stationed in Kunming to watch the rumored American squadron picked up the story and immediately radioed it to Washington. Although The New York Times did not make much of the story, Time Magazine published it on the front page. The headline was "Blood For the Tigers." The nickname "Flying Tigers" came from the ancient Chinese proverb,"Giving wings to a tiger," in other words, bestowing more power to an already powerful beast (speaking about the relationship between China and the AVG). During the next seven months the Flying Tigers engaged in many battles in defense of the Chinese people. They destroyed a total of 7 enemy planes, with only 16 losses of their own. Unfortunately, on July 4th, 14, the AVG was disbanded by top military brass in Washington. Most of the members of the Flying Tigers never received any public medals or honors because many considered them mercenaries. Some Flying Tiger members stayed in China with Chennault who later became a general in the U. S. Army Air Force. In 14, he was given command of the new 14th Air Force, based in China. Though The Tigers did not get the recognition they deserved, they are commemorated in the insignia of the 14th, a winged Bengal tiger. The 14th remained throughout the war to help protect China's mainland.

Conclusion

I believe that the Flying Tigers' service to the Chinese and American people will never be fully recognized. If the Flying Tigers had not defended China through the crucial period of seven months before they were disbanded, the Japanese would not have halted their advancement into China and soon would have had a straight path to their Axis allies. This would have been a defining blow to the Allies' fragile war plan. Although the original Tigers were drawn in by promises of money and glory, they fought for an honorable cause, and they fought with dignity. I hope that the sacrifices the Flying Tigers made will never be forgotten by the American people. I would like to conclude with a quote from Generalissimo Chiang.

General Chennault and his company of air knights will always be remembered by the Chinese people as comrades in arms, and as the friendly representatives of a friendly people.

With General Chennault, Robert B. Hotz, Coward-McCann, Inc., New York, 14.

Flying Tigers, Daniel Ford, Smithsonian Institution Press, Inc., Washington, 11.

The American Volunteer Group, 'The Original Flying Tigers' by Ed Rector, nd Sqdrn, Vice Squadron Leader. An article published on www.flyingtigersavg.com.

Old Leatherface of the Flying Tigers, the Story of General Chennault, Keith Ayling, The Bobbs-Merrill Company, New York, 145.

Interview with Darrell Snider, January 00, a member of the 45th Squadron, 08 Bomb Group, part of the AVG.

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Cloning

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Paper on Cloning by Zubair Iqbal and Ahmed Atiq.

Scientist clone cells by letting a single cell divide into a population of genetically identical cells. In this method scientist put the original cell in a dish containing culture medium which is nutrients needed to keep a cell alive. Then the process of mitosis produces genetically identical offspring. In blastomere separation, scientists fertilize an egg cell with a sperm cell in a dish. The embryo is allowed to divide until it forms a group of about four cells. Scientists remove the outer coating of the embryo and place it a special solution that causes the individual cells of the embryo, blastomere, to separate. Scientists then put each blastomere in society, where it forms an embryo containing the same genetic makeup as the original embryo. Each new embryo can then be put into the uterus of a replacement mother to develop during a normal pregnancy.

Another way is called blastocyst divisions in which scientist allow a fertilized egg to divide until it forms a group of about to 150 cells. Then they split blastocyst in two and plant the two halves into the uterus of a replacement mother. Then the two halves develop as identical twins. The two mentioned above need to have the genetic material of the mother and the father but in somatic cell nuclear transfer you only need one parent. Scientists transfer the genetic material from a donor's somatic cell, any body cell other than an egg or sperm cell, to an egg cell with its nucleus.

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Scientist have cloned the dolly sheep by the method of somatic cell nuclear transfer. But later they found out that dolly had arthritis. Also the other cloned animal such as mice suffered more illnesses and died at about half the age of normal mice. You can use cloning in a good way and in a bad way. It depends on why the person is cloning.

Benefits of cloning.

• More people would be soldiers. If you clone cows and other useful animal, they can help in agricultural material.

• To increase the population of endangered species

• Give couples a chance to have children who happen to be infertile.

• To create organs that would not be rejected by its recipient.

• Cloning will also enable us to understand why nervous cells, unlike the others in the human body, dont multiply.

Downfall of cloning.

• Goes against Islam.

• Many creatures get illness and other diseases because of cloning.

• People might use this in advantage of killing innocent and controlling the world.

• It could have emotional problems. Especially if you're cloning human.

Sources

• Encarta.com

• Globalchange.com

• chilli.net.au/~science/

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Theory X and Theory Y

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Theory X and Theory Y Today

Douglas Mac Gregor suggested that there are two different ways in which we can look al workers' attitudes toward work. Each of these views, which Mac Gregor labeled Theory X and Theory Y, has implications for management.

Theory X

According to Theory X, people do not really like to work, so they must be "coerced, controlled, directed, threatened with punishment" to get them to work. The average worker avoids responsibility, is unambitious and wants security more than anything else. Management based on Theory X is paternalistic at best and, at very least, authoritarian. Rewards and punishment are assumed in this theory to be the key to employee productivity.

These assumptions lie behind most organizational principles today, and give rise both to "tough" management with punishments and tight controls, and "soft" management which aims at harmony at work. Both these are "wrong" because man needs more than financial rewards at work, he also needs some deeper higher order motivation, the opportunity to fulfill himself. Theory X managers do not give their staff this opportunity so that the employees behave in the expected fashion.

Theory Y

Theory Y is a more generous view of human nature. It sees "physical and mental effort in work to be as natural as play or rest", and it recognizes self-direction instead of external control as the principal means of securing effort. Control and punishment are not the only ways to make people work, man will direct himself if he is committed to the aims of the organization. If a job is satisfying, then the result will be commitment to the organization. Imagination, creativity and ingenuity can be used to solve work problems by a large number of employees. According to Theory Y, under the proper conditions, people will accept and even seek responsibility. Employees have a much greater capability for problem solving than most organizations realize. Management based on Theory Y relies on a worker's achievement-oriented motives and his or her desire for self-fulfillment rather than on sheer managerial authority. Theory Y calls for developing organizations in which employees can best fulfill their goals by working toward the success of the organization.

Conclusions

Theory X may not be altogether wrong, but certainly it is no longer enough. Theory Y is difficult to put into practice on the shop floor in large mass production operations, but it can be used initially in the managing of managers and professionals. Staff will contribute more to the organization if they are treated as responsible and valued employees

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THe Human System (story)

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The Digestion of Larry the Liver Sandwich

Larry, the Liver Sandwich, consists of lettuce, tomato, ketchup, butter, bread, onions, mayonnaise, and of course liver! Unfortunately, Larry is deliciously eaten by a human, and must be digested by the body so that the body can use the substances in the sandwich. The main nutrients found in the materials making up the sandwich are amino acids, found in the tomato and liver, carbohydrates, found in the onions and bread, water, found in the vegetables, lipids/fats, found in the butter and mayonnaise, and vitamins, found in all the vegetables. Dietary fiber is also found in some of the substances such as onions, lettuce, and bread. From the moment a human bites into the sandwich, the digestion process begins.

The food undergoes a form of mechanical digestion, in the mouth. The teeth of the human bite, and break down the food into smaller pieces. This is a form of mechanical digestion. Salivary glands in the mouth produce secretions, through ducts (tiny tubes), that are mixed with the food. The salivary glands in the mouth are called parotid gland, (lies at the sides of the face) sublingual gland (lies beneath the tongue), and submandibular gland (lies beneath the posterior floor of the oral cavity). The saliva contains water and an enzyme called salivary amylase that breaks down the ester bonds between the sugar molecules of large starches into smaller starches or maltose. Parts of the bread, onion and other bits having the presence of starch, would be broken down into smaller starches or maltose. The saliva also dissolves solid food to make it susceptible to the action of later intestinal secretions, and lubricates the mouth and esophagus for the passage of solids. Because the food in the mouth does not remain in the mouth for a long period of time, the food particles are not fully digested.

The tongue, a muscle that rolls food into a swallowable sized ball called a bolus, pushes it to the back of the mouth. When food is swallowed, the soft palate, located in the posterior part of the roof of the mouth, closes off the nasopharynx and the epiglottis covers the glottis, forcing the bolus to pass down the esophagus. The epiglottis prevents the food from entering the trachea. The bolus is moved down the esophagus from the muscle contractions called peristalsis. At the base of the esophagus, the bolus comes across a constriction; the cardiac sphincter closes and opens before the bolus can enter the stomach. The cardiac sphincter prevents the acidic contents of the stomach from backing up into the esophagus. After the partial chemical digestion, occurring in the mouth, and after the food has become bolus and has moved down the esophagus, the food go through mechanical digestion again in the stomach. The stomach has three layers of muscle that churn the food, causing the release of gastrin. Gastrin is a hormone that travels from the walls of the stomach into the blood stream. Gastrin affects the stomach as it moves through the body, causing the release of gastric juice. Gastric juice contains water, HCl, and pepsinogen. The HCl reacts with the pepsinogen to produce pepsin, an enzyme that digests proteins. The HCl kills bacteria and also provides the pepsin with an optimum pH of .5 to function in. Because the stomach has acidic juices, it contains a thick layer of mucous to protect the walls of the stomach. Under the influence of the acidic environment of the stomach, the bolus turns into a thick, soupy liquid called chyme. The chyme then moves through the pyloric sphincter, which repeatedly opens and closes, allowing chyme to enter the duodenum, the first section of the small intestine, in small squirts only. The most extensive part of digestion occurs in the small intestine; here most food products are further hydrolyzed and absorbed. The duodenum is specialized by the presence of chemoreceptors, chemical sensitive nerve endings that are able to detect the different biochemicals in the food material. The presence of the acid chyme triggers the release of secretin from the duodenum. Secretin is a hormone that moves through the blood (it is endocrine because it moves through the blood) to the pancreas where it causes the release of pancreatic juice. Pancreatic juice moves through pancreatic duct, and consists of sodium bicarbonate, water, and the four enzymes pancreatic amylase, trypsin, nuclease and lipase. The sodium bicarbonate turns the acid chyme basic with a pH of approximately 8.5. The sodium bicarbonate has a great function in that the materials present in the small intestine are able to operate at its optimum pH. The water functions in hydrolysis, the trypsin breaks protein into peptides, the pancreatic amylase, which has similar function as the salivary amylase different location, nuclease breaks down DNA into nucleotides, and the lipase breaks fats into fatty acids and glycerol; these processes using specific enzymes are a form of chemical digestion. The presence of lipids in the acid chyme causes the release of a hormone called CCK, cholecystokinin. The CCK affects the gall bladder and the pancreas, causing the release of bile and pancreatic juice. The bile is made in the liver, and stored in the gall bladder and emulsifies fats to create greater surface area for the lipase to turn lipids into fatty acids and glycerol. It is composed of cholesterol, bile salts and pigments from the breakdown of hemoglobin called biliruben and biliverdin.

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Intestinal juice is secreted by the small intestine. It contains water, pancreatic juice, bile, and a number of enzymes such as maltase peptidases, nuclease, sucrase, and lactase. Maltase breaks down maltose into glucose. The hydrolysis of disaccharides by enzymes such as maltase, completes the digestion of carbohydrates. The enzyme peptidases, breaks any remaining peptide bonds in the proteins to release amino acids. Sucrase breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose, while lactase breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose. The function of the intestinal juice is to complete the process begun by the pancreatic juice. The mechanical pressure of food partly digested in the intestine stimulates the flow of intestinal juice. Similar to the esophagus, the food goes through mechanical digestion of peristalsis in the small intestine as well.

Within the jejunum, also part of the small intestine, parts of the food is digested. The last part of the small intestine is the ilium. It contains fingerlike projections called villi in which absorption takes place. The outer layer of the villi is of columnar epithelium and blood vessels (arteriole and venule) and a small lymphatic vessel called a lacteal. The fatty acids and glycerol are absorbed through the lacteal tube and moved into the lymphatic system, and the glucose and amino acids are absorbed into the circulatory system. The fluids with absorbed materials move through the hepatic portal vein to the liver, where it then flows through the hepatic vein to the heart and other body parts.

Materials that cannot be digested and absorbed by the small intestine move into the large intestine, which consists of caecum, the colon, the rectum, and the anal canal. The indigestible materials pass through the ilium to the large intestine through the ileo-caecal sphincter. The caecum, which is also known as a blind pouch, is the first part of the large intestine and has a small projection called the appendix. The large intestine is made up of the ascending colon, transverse colon, and descending colon. The large intestine mainly absorbs water, salt, and vitamins, and store indigestible materials to be excreted. The large intestine also has a sigmoid colon that leads to the rectum. The rectum stores feces, indigestible food that has been converted by bacteria, and opens at the anus where defecation occurs. The dietary fiber gained from the onions and lettuce, help with the process of defecation. Defecation is the releasing of the feces. It is released through the anal sphincter.

When food is brought into the body and digested, the blood glucose level increases. The pancreas secretes the hormones called insulin and glucagon from cells called islets of Langerhans, to regulate the body¡¯s use of glucose. Insulin is secreted into the blood when blood glucose levels are high (after meals). This causes the liver and muscle to store glucose as glycogen energy reserve, stimulate the liver, fat and muscle cells to take up and metabolize glucose, and aid in the build up of fats and proteins, inhibiting its use of energy source. Glucagons is secreted into the blood in response to low blood sugar levels (between meals), to promote the break down of nutrients and increase blood glucose levels. This is an example of negative feedback occurring, where a change in the body is reversed in such a way to return the body to its original condition, to regain homeostasis. The pancreas is an endocrine gland in that it is hormone producing and moves things through the blood, however, the pancreas is also an exocrine gland in that it produces digestive juices that move through ducts and not the blood.

As one can see, for Larry the Liver Sandwich to be digested, a long series of processes must occur. Larry is mechanically and chemically broken down, absorbed, and the non-digestible food material becomes wastes, which are excreted through the anal sphincter. The human body will use the nutrients absorbed from Larry the Liver Sandwich to supply the body with the necessary nutrients needed to help it function properly in its daily life.

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Ethics opinion

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It has long been determined that an attorney owes to his client undivided devotion, and an attorney is forbidden, after terminating his relationship with a former client, to do anything which will injuriously affect his former client in any manner in which he formerly represented him, or at any time to use against his former client knowledge or information acquired by reason of the previous attorney-client relationship.

In the present situation, an associate lawyer is employed at a relatively large law firm that represents a client in a product liability suit against General Motors. The associate lawyer has been offered a position at a new firm that would double her salary. The only problematic fact that exists is that the new law firm, that has offered the position to the lawyer, represents General Motors in the same lawsuit brought by the lawyer's former firm.

The relevant provisions of The Michigan Rules of Professional Conduct in such a situation are 1.6 Confidentiality of Relationship, 1.7 Conflict of Interest General Rule, 1. Conflict of Interest Former Client and 1.10 Implied Disqualifications General Rule. MRPC 1.6 refers to information a client shares with a lawyer that is protected by the attorney-client relationship. The confidentiality rule is subject to limited exceptions, such as when a lawyer foresees that a client may commit a crime or when a client consents to the release of such information, but only after full disclosure to them. Even after withdrawal from an attorney-client relationship, the lawyer is required to refrain from making disclosures of the client's confidence, except as otherwise provided in MPRC 1.6.

The more relevant provisions to the first issue presented are MRPC 1.7 and 1. which deal with conflict of interests in representing new and former clients. MRPC 1.7 specifically forbids an attorney from representing a client, such as General Motors, if that representation will be directly adverse to another client, in this case a former client, which would trigger the applicability of MRPC 1.. The rule also sets out certain exceptions to the rule where representation would be permissible. One such situation is where both clients consent to the subsequent representation, which would be highly unlikely.

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MRPC 1. (a) states that

This is assuming that the lawyer at the former firm was the actual attorney that represented the client, if not MRPC 1. (b) would be relevant. Under MRPC 1. (b) even though the actual attorney may have not represented the client, conflict of interest rule may still be applicable as being a lawyer of a firm that represented that client, assuming that the lawyer had some familiarity or contact with the case. MRPC 1. (b) states that

There are several concerns that are raised regarding the conflict of interests rules, most important of these concerns is the fact that such a rule may act as an impermissible limitation on an attorney's or firm's right to practice. When it comes to the issue of being a limitation on the actual attorney, such an argument is relatively week as opposed to the firm's same argument. MI Eth. Op. R-4. The other competing interest is based upon the theory that clients would be less reluctant to share highly relevant information with their lawyer on the grounds that there may be a possibility that valuable information may be used against them at a later time. Disqualification is the topic of the second issue and is specifically addressed by MRPC 1.10.

Under MRPC 1.10 (b)

The so called screening process consists of several preemptive procedures to avoid disqualification of the firm. It begins by disqualifying the newly hired lawyer from any participation in the action. The second step involves instructing all other lawyers in the firm not to discuss the matter in the new lawyer's presence, or to receive or show any information to him. The third step deals with securing and segregating files of that matter from other files. The last step deals with the apportionment of fees. MI Eth. Op. RI-84. With screening employed, the next process would be to notify, in writing, the appropriate tribunal of the situation to obtain authorization to continue in the matter.

Based on the forgoing analysis, a lawyer who has changed firms may represent an opponent of a client of the lawyers former firm in connection with a matter handled by the former firm as long as the lawyer did not acquire any confidential or secret information about the client of the former firm or the matter at issue while working for the former firm. If the lawyer did acquire such confidential or secret information, the lawyer is prohibited from defending the new client, but the firm is not precluded if the new lawyer is screened and shows compliance with such a procedure.

Please note that this sample paper on ethics opinion is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on ethics opinion, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on ethics opinion will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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