Wednesday, January 8, 2020

The Glass Menagerie: You can run, but you cant hide.

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"You Can Run, but You Can't Hide"


If one chooses not to face reality, it will soon become a "slap in the face" in many ways, which is a major theme portrayed in The Glass Menagerie, by Tennessee Williams. The play was published in 144 and was originally titled The Gentleman Caller. The characters in The Glass Menagerie each have another life they want to lead, yet none but one could actually go face to face with reality and step out into the "real world." There were attempts made by other characters, but they always came back and couldn't adapt to change. It seems that Williams believes that many American families suffer from this fear of change. He hints this idea throughout the play with various symbols. Many of the symbols used in the play lead to some form of escape or difference between reality and illusion.


The Glass Menagerie takes place in an old apartment in St. Louis, Missouri.


The Wingfield apartment is in the rear of the building, one of those vast hive-like conglomerations of cellular living-units that flower as warty growths in overcrowded urban centers of lower middle-class population and are symptomatic of the impulse of this largest and fundamentally enslaved section of American society to avoid fluidity and differentiation and to exist and function as one interfused mass of automatism.(I,i,48)


Across the street from the old building a nightclub called "Paradise Dance Hall." The family's apartment could be considered the exact opposite of "paradise". The actual apartment the Wingfields live in faces and alley way, symbolizing their isolation from the rest of the world. It is entered by a fire escape, a structure whose name is a touch of accidental truth, for all of these huge buildings are burning with the slow and implacable fires of human desperation.(I,i, 48) The family who occupies the apartment is not wealthy, and the members of the family want to be somewhere else; their own "paradise." Even the set location in Missouri is a hint of how the family lives. Missouri sounds like misery.


The first symbol, presented in the first scene, is the fire escape. This represents the bridge between the illusory world of the Wingfields and the world of reality. This bridge seems to be a one way passage. But the direction varies for each character. For Tom, the fire escape is the way out of the world of Amanda and Laura and an entrance into the world of reality. For Laura, the fire escape is a way into her world; a way to escape from reality. Both examples can easily be seen Tom will stand outside on the fire escape to smoke, showing that he does not like to be inside, to be a part of the illusionary world. Laura, on the other hand, thinks of the fire escape as a way in and not a way out. This can be seen when Amanda sends Laura to go to the store; Laura trips on the fire escape. This also shows that Lauras fears and emotions greatly affect her physical condition, more so than normal people. Her fears make her condition worse. She won't allow herself to heal.


The main characters in the play are the Amanda, and her grown-up children Tom and Laura. They are the three that live in the apartment. Amandas husband, Mr. Wingfield, left his family for the military. We find this out by reading the text before the first scene begins.


A blown up photograph of the father hangs on the wall of the living room, to the left of the archway. It is the face of a very handsome young man in a doughboy's First World War cap. He is gallantly smiling, ineluctably smiling, as if to say "I will be smiling forever." (I,i, 4)


Tom is working at a warehouse earning eighty-five dollars a month. He hates his job, but has to earn money to support his mother and sister. Hes not happy with his life, and would rather do something completely different. He dreams of going from a slow paced, gentle life to a fast paced life like his father's. Tom doesnt like to stay at home. He goes out every night drinking and to the movie theater. Tom doesnt like the way Amanda always tells him what to do. All he wants is for his mother to leave him alone.


Laura is a very shy young woman. She is disabled because of a limp when she walks, and because of that, she has no self-confidence whatsoever. She cant see how any decent man would like to marry her. The most important things in Lauras life are some old records that belonged to her father, and her collection of glass figures. Laura is depressed due to her inability to change her life. Shes afraid to go out in the real world alone, and she doesnt dare to talk to other people. Her way of escaping is to listen to all the old records and play with her glass figures. She was supposed to go to business school to attempt a new life, but when she got there, she couldn't handle the drastic change. Instead of going to school she would go to the zoo and observe the animals. She enjoys places like the museum and the zoo because they can not hurt her; they aren't judgmental or harsh like human beings in society. Laura relates to the animals in that she and her family are caged in just as they are because of poverty.


Amanda, their mother, is not happy about the way her life turned out to be. When she was young, she had "gentleman callers" coming over every day. She loves to tell stories from her youth. She was a prosperous young woman who believed shed live happily for the rest of her life. But fate wanted it different. The man she chose left her, and she had to take care of the children all by herself. Now the only thing she wants is for her daughter to get married. She wants Laura to live the life she wanted for herself. Amanda always believed her life would turn out well, but it didnt. Her way of escaping real life is to think about and to tell stories from her life as a young girl, when everything seemed possible.


Amanda recalls, "One Sunday afternoon in the Blue Mountainyour mother receivedseventeen!gentleman callers! Why, sometimes there weren't chairs enough to accommodate them all. We had to send the nigger over to bring in folding chairs from the parish house." (I,i, 50)


Amanda wants Laura to get married, but no "gentleman callers" seem to come her way. Amanda talks Tom into inviting one of his colleagues home for dinner to meet Laura. Jim OConnor, Tom's friend and co-worker, says yes to the invitation and shows up at the Wingfields apartment for dinner. What Tom and Amanda dont know is that Laura and Jim went to high school together, and that Laura had a crush on him back then. When Jim arrives, and Laura sees who it is, she doesnt want to talk to him because she is embarrassed in a way. Jim doesnt recognize Laura at first, but when they start talking, it comes to him who she is.


As already mentioned, Jim also works at the warehouse. He doesnt like his job either, but tries to make the best out of it. Hes taken classes in conversation, and has learned a lot about human psychology. He she represses herself from everyone else. He states, "You know what I judge to be the trouble with you? Inferiority complex! Know what that is? That's what they call it when someone low-rates himself! I understand it because I had it, too. Although my case was not so aggravated as your seems to be." (I,vii, 78) After listening to Jim for a while, Laura understands that it might make sense.


figure; a unicorn. Because the unicorn has a horn on his forehead, hes different from the other glass figures that are regular horses, which is why it is so special to Laura. While dancing with Laura, Jim accidentally bumps in to the table where the unicorn is. The unicorn falls off, and loses the horn. Now its just like the other horses. Jim is terribly sorry, but Laura doesnt seem to mind.


Jim tells Laura how special she is, and then he kisses her. Afterward, he apologizes for his behavior. He tells Laura that hes engaged, and the only reason why he accepted the dinner invitation was to be polite. Upon hearing this, Amanda becomes very upset at Tom for doing that to his sister. After Jim has left, she starts yelling at Tom because he didnt tell them, but he honestly did not know of Jim's engagement. After a few minutes of his mother yelling, he threatens to go to the movies.


Amanda follows that with, "That's right, now that you've had us make such fools of ourselves. The effort, the preparations, all the expense! The new floor lamp, the rug, the clothes for Laura! All for what? To entertain some other girl's fianc! Go to the movies, go! Don't think about us, a mother deserted, an unmarried sister who's crippled and has no job! Don't let anything interfere with your selfish pleasure! Just go, go, goto the movies!" (I, vii, 84)


Another symbol, which deals with both Amanda and Laura is Jim OConnor. To Laura, Jim represents the one thing she fears and does not want to face which, again, is reality. Jim is a perfect example of the common man; an average person with no real outstanding quality. In fact, Jim is rather awkward, which can be seen when he dances with Laura. To Amanda, Jim represents the days of her youth, when she went frolicking about picking jonquils and supposedly having seventeen gentlemen callers on one Sunday afternoon. Although Amanda desires to see Laura settled down with a nice young man, it is hard to tell whether she wanted a "gentleman caller" to be invited for Laura or for herself.


The unicorn is one of the symbols used in the play. It represents Laura. Its her favorite glass figure because its one of a kind. Laura believes that since shes disabled, shes very different from everybody else just as the unicorn is from the horses. She also points out that the unicorn does not complain of being different, as she does not complain either. But after she finds out that Jim didnt take notice of the fact that she was disabled in high school, she realizes that she is not so different after all. She has shed some of her shyness and become more normal. This is the reason why Laura did not get so upset when the unicorn lost its horn. Neither one of them is really that special. The unicorn dropping to the ground symbolizes the reality of fantasy; that it is nothing but fantasy.


Tom never liked his job at the warehouse. Neither does he like the way his mother is always telling him what to do. He wants to run away, just like his father. But he doesnt at first. He goes to the movies instead. When he watches the movies, its like hes in another world. He forgets all the pain and misery that he has to face every day at home. Tom gets into the military as a Marine. He leaves the Wingfield home, but the home doesn't leave his mind. When he finally leaves, he finds out that things arent getting any better. He feels guilty because he left Laura behind. He realizes that leaving is not an escape at all, but a path of even more powerful desperation. Tom wants so badly to follow in his father's footsteps, but he can't forget what he is leaving behind.


"Oh, Laura, Laura, I tried to leave you behind me, but I am more faithful than I intended to be! I reach for a cigarette, I cross the street, I run into the movies or a bar, I buy a drink, I speak to the nearest strangeranything that can blow your candles out!


Laura bends over the candles.


For nowadays the world is lit by lightning! Blow out your candles, Lauraand so goodbye…."


She blows the candles out. (I,vii, 85)


This speech happens at the end of the play. What Tom is saying to Laura here is telling her how it is in the real world. He gets her to realize that she is living in a fantasy land. The candle is fragile; when it is blown out, its job I done. It becomes an inanimate object. When Laura blows her candle out, he life ends in a sense. She must now forget the past and adapt to a change. The glass, candle and Laura are all the same. They all symbolize the gentle, more fragile way of life. Unfortunately for the Wingfields, life doesn't work the way it used to. Life is as fast as a bolt of lightening. Laura and her family will get run over in the real world if they continue on the way they are living. The reason they are doing so poorly financially and socially is because their lack of a grip on reality.


The Glass Menagerie, by Tennessee Williams is a memory play of dreamers and sleep-walkers. The characters in the play act as if they are just waiting for their death. They haven't done anything with themselves out of fear of change and reality. Instead of confronting the present, each character consumes their thoughts with the past. What Williams wanted to say with this play, is that escaping the real life is not a good option. No matter how bad things seem to be, one should rather try to solve the problems and do something about it, than run away. It is impossible to hide from one's problems forever. Especially in today's world.


Bibliography


1. Williams, Tennesse. "The Glass Menagerie." Understanding Plays. Milly S. Barranger. Needham Heights, MA. Allyn and Bacon, 14. Page 48.


. Williams, Tennesse. "The Glass Menagerie." Understanding Plays. Milly S. Barranger. Needham Heights, MA. Allyn and Bacon, 14. Page 48.


. Williams, Tennesse. "The Glass Menagerie." Understanding Plays. Milly S. Barranger. Needham Heights, MA. Allyn and Bacon, 14. Page 4


4. Williams, Tennesse. "The Glass Menagerie." Understanding Plays. Milly S. Barranger. Needham Heights, MA. Allyn and Bacon, 14. Page 50


5. Williams, Tennesse. "The Glass Menagerie." Understanding Plays. Milly S. Barranger. Needham Heights, MA. Allyn and Bacon, 14. Page 78


6. Williams, Tennesse. "The Glass Menagerie." Understanding Plays. Milly S. Barranger. Needham Heights, MA. Allyn and Bacon, 14. Page 84


7. Williams, Tennesse. "The Glass Menagerie." Understanding Plays. Milly S. Barranger. Needham Heights, MA. Allyn and Bacon, 14. Page 85


This website was also used for reference


8. Lichtenstein, Jesse. Sparknotes on The Glass Menagerie. 1 November 00. http//www.sparknotes.com/lit/menagerie . Williams, Tennessee. The Glass Menagerie. 145


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Monday, January 6, 2020

PM's department accused of theft cover-up

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While Labour MPs last week chastised Arderns allegedly unlawful protest actions, it has emerged that the PMs department secretly handled a case of an employee who stole money from a petty cash account.


Clark has admitted an employee in the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet owned up to stealing $1.


But the matter was not referred to police, and the staffer continues to work for the PMs department, in a breach of state service guidelines.


Clark and other Labour MPs rebuked Ardern for driving a tractor up parliaments steps during a protest against the fart tax.


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Clark criticised the stunt as disorderly and invited police to charge Ardern - two days later police charged the National MP with disorderly behaviour.


National leader Bill English said the governments comments were hypocritical after Clarks department covered up the staffers theft.


She has only now acknowledged this was a dishonesty offence that went unreported, and like the artwork she didnt do, this seems to be how the prime minister seems to run things.


Clark confirmed in just-released answers to parliamentary questions that a dishonesty offence had been detected in the department in 001. The staffer took $1 from a petty cash account, and later admitted the theft to managers.


A Clark spokesman said last night the theft had nothing to do with her as it was an employment matter and she only became aware of it through the parliamentary question.


Earlier, her office referred inquiries to Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet chief executive Mark Prebble.


Prebble - currently under fire for withholding corngate documents from public scrutiny - opted for an internal investigation.


The staffer repaid the money and was subjected to disciplinary action, Prebble told the Star-Times. He refused to divulge what action was taken. Clark said the staffer still worked in the prime ministers department but no longer has any role in handling petty cash.


English claimed Clarks department had tried to keep the matter hushed-up.


The saga smacks of a cavalier attitude towards the law and the police which we have seen from the prime minister before, he said, referring to Clarks refusal to cooperate with the police inquiry into paintergate. It only came out because the opposition asked questions about it.


Prebble said Clark learned of the theft when the questions were asked.


He maintained he had the power to investigate employment matters, saying Departmental managers inquired into all the circumstances. The department took appropriate disciplinary action and we have ensured that the event will not be repeated.


But Prebbles explanation is at odds with State Services Commission code of conduct guidelines for public servants.


They state Citizens expect departments to comply with the letter and spirit of the law.


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Slavery

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The labor and services obtained threw force, the property of another person. This is a slave. From the beginning of time slaves have been known merely as things, not as people. They have been traded, bought, given as a gift, or pledged by a debt by their owners, many without objection or restraint. Slavery dates back to prehistoric times. There were many jobs to be done and people did not want to have to pay for someone to do them. Some people had to sell themselves or family just to pay off a debt to someone and those people would be enslaved for punishment.


Slavery was a big part of the economy for all ancient civilizations. Most ancient Egyptians used slaves to build their temples. The ancient Hebrews also used slaves but were forced to free any slaves or their same nationality. Aztec, Inca, and Maya used slaves for agriculture and warfare purposes. Some of these ancients would set their slaves free because of their good work and loyal services.


In Greece, some slaves were treated very poorly and were forced into labor or fighting. The people mostly made them fight because they highly outnumbered their masters. Overall people would not be surprised to see the slaves and their masters on good terms. Most slaves in Greece were employed for domestic services or as seamen and oarsmen. The later Greek philosophers did not consider the condition of slavery as morally objectionable.


The Romans played a major role in the development of slavery. Roman masters had much more power over their slaves, even to the matter of life or death. Wealthy Romans had quiet a few slaves to take care of their land and households. As Romans expanded their territory, the need for workers increased and foreign slaves were imported to work. The biggest way to gain slaves was threw war. Many prisoners were taken to Rome and sold or used as slaves. Depending of slaves contributed to Rome's downfall.


With the exploration of North and South America, slavery was a major trade. Portugal was the first to meet its worker expectations by bringing imported slaves over for its agricultural work. Portugal started this in 1444 and by 1460 they were importing 700-800 slaves from trading posts and forts on the African coast. Spain soon followed but Portugal was clearly monopolized the African slavery traffic. Threw out the 15th century people began to take in this industry and Arabs began to take Africans to Arabia, Iran, and India to sell at markets.


The first African slaves to reach America were in 116. They landed in Jamestown, Virginia brought by Dutch ships. At first the amount of slaves coming in to America was very little so people did not see a reason to keep track of their legal status. With the development of the southern colonies and the need for agriculture work the imports of Africans greatly increased. In the north, slaves were mostly used for trade. In the middle they were used for agriculture. As for the south, most of the Africans were used to work on plantations.


Slaves became very important to America, especially in the south. They were a fundamental to the community and the economy. Contrary to what people said, slaves did not have many legal rights. Support in age and sickness, religion rights, and the right to bring suit and give evidence in special cases were limited. However, some had the rights to marriage, free time, private property, contractual ability and for women, lighter domestic or plantation work. Brutal treatment such as branding, chaining, and sometimes murder was prohibited but cruelty was very common before the 1th century.


In the early 1800's the population of the United States included 8,60 slaves and only 6,505 of those slave belonged to people in the north. By 1860 there were a total of ,5,760 slaves just in the southern states. Most early presidents and major people thought as slavery as being something evil and inconsistent with the declaration of independents. The Presbyterian Church and the Methodist Episcopal were very anti-slavery until one day when a bishop from the Methodist Episcopal church refused to emancipate slaves he had inherited threw his wife. From this the south was formed.


Any northerners made anti slavery groups and as a whole anti slavery views grew strong. Many people were afraid to show their anti slavery views in fear of what might happen. Even though northerners did not want slavery to spread to other states their reasons were based on economics rather then mortality. Every conflict between the north and the south somehow tied into slavery issues. Prior to the 1860 election, Abraham Lincoln and Stephan Douglas both worked towards a compromise on the slavery issues. However, Douglas won most immigrant support because they feared the abolishment of slavery would take away their jobs.


During the civil war a man named Fredrick Douglass, who was a slave but escaped, spoke of giving blacks guns and training them for combat. Not only would this prove that blacks should have their freedom but also show white men that black people deserve the right to full citizenship. That is what Lincoln did, he put up posters stating why a black man would want to join the war.


At first blacks were assigned to their own groups, separated from the whites and were given silly tasks. Once the blacks were allowed to fight, their performance quickly hushed the racist soldiers. By the end of the war 17,000 black men had served in 166 all-black regiments and many performed heroically. Twenty-one blacks earned the Medal of Honor for their outstanding performance above and beyond their call of duty.


Denmark was the first to abolish slavery in 17. Then came Britain in 1807 and the United States in 1808. The Ashburton treaty of 184 between Britain and the U.S. enforced prohibition of slave tra


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Monday, December 30, 2019

Emancipation, it's not just divorcing your parents

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For months, Jodie had waited in anticipation for New York State University to send their response as to whether or not she had gotten accepted into the college. Her goal was to become a famous movie director after she had gotten a degree in Film Production from NYU, which was located in one of the most happening cities in the country. Her parents weren't too fond of this idea, and looked down upon her decision to attend the school. They didn't go to college, so they decided that they wouldn't allow her to go either. Against her parent's will, she secretly applied to the university anyway. Three months later, a large letter with the initials "NYU Admissions Department" which graced the smooth envelope addressed to Jodie arrived in the mail. Excitedly, she opened it up and read "Congratulations, you have been accepted!" She jumped for joy, until her parents found out, and refused to let her travel 2 thousand miles to attend the university. "Well, if you don't like my decisions, I'll just move out!" is what Jodie screamed at the top of her voice while storming up the stairs to her room in tears. She then though, "Hey, why don't I just leave anyway? It can't be too hard to live on my own…"


Quite often in the United States, teenagers have decided to do just that, and have gained the legal power to make their own financial and life decisions. But it's not easy, and the process of becoming legally independent before you're 18 can be lengthy and difficult. "Divorcing your parents," as some refer to it, doesn't happen just because you're tired of being yelled at, and it is not a process to be taken lightly. Becoming emancipated means that it is necessary to completely support yourself financially, and to also have the right to make decisions which would normally need parental consent. To be emancipated by the court, you must be at least 16 years old. You must also meet one of the following conditions: You must be married, be in the U.S. armed forces, must be living apart from your parents or guardian and be managing your own money, or the court must decide that emancipation is in the best interests of you, or your parents. Most people wonder if emancipation is ethical or not. If a parent can't divorce their child, how can a child divorce their parent?


Normally, a parent has legal power over a minor until he or she reaches the age of 18. Legal dependence is defined by a California law (Code 19-7-1) as "remaining under the control of one's parents, who are entitled to the minor's services and the proceeds of their labor." In other words, until you're 18, your parents legally have control over you and any money you may earn. On the contrary, there are options that can be undertaken to disregard those legalities. According to many laws in the United States, there are three ways that a parent's rights can be given up: adoption, mistreatment of the child, or the marriage of the child.


In adoption parents can give up their rights or they can be taken away by the state, says Ann Deibel, a consultant with the Office of Adoption in the Department of Human Resources (DHR). A parent can give her child to DHR, a licensed adoption agency, or to another adult through the Superior Court.


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Parental power can also be lost because of neglect or abuse such as a child often being left home alone or in the neighborhood for long periods without supervision. Likewise, if the child is frequently hungry, dressed inadequately for the weather, absent from school frequently, bruised or has other marks of physical violence, withdrawn or overly aggressive, and not receiving needed medical attention Deibel says although the department is responsible for trying to "reunify the family," they can petition to terminate the parents' rights in juvenile court. To most, it seems fair for a child to have a say as to whether or not he or she wants to leave from their household, but in instances like this, the state would take the liberty to remove the child right away.


The third way a parent's rights can be relinquished is through marriage of the teen. The Georgia Code for instance, states that "Parental power shall be lost by: Consent to the marriage of the child, who thus assumes inconsistent responsibilities." In other words, when teens get permission to marry, they become legally independent.


Some states, such as Florida make no legal provisions for teenagers who simply don't want to live at home anymore. What about all the teens who say, "I can't wait to get out of this house!"? What separates these cases from those in which emancipation is a logical next step such as the examples above?


According to Chief Judge of the Fulton County Juvenile Court, Sanford Jones, "It's very fact-specific. There is no set qualification as to who can become emancipated... I had one case with a young woman who'd been living on her own, not knowing where her parents were, and that made sense for her. But I've had kids come in just saying, 'I don't like answering to my parents; I want to get emancipated,' and that doesn't mean as much." A young person who is at least 14 years old may petition the Superior Court of the county in which he or she lives. The petitioner must state that she is willingly living apart from her parents with their permission and is supporting herself financially in a legal manner. The court will notify your parents or guardian and the district attorney or your probation officer if you are on probation. The court will then decide whether granting you emancipation is in your best interests. If the court declares you emancipated, your DMV identification will show that you are emancipated, so people can treat you as an adult when you do things like apply for a job or enroll in college. The court may later set aside your emancipation, if it finds that it didn't know important facts when it granted it, or if you later cannot support yourself financially and become dependent upon public assistance.


As for how many teenagers undertake these proceedings, Jones says the cases are few and far between, "I hear of maybe two or three a year," he says, "so probably less than a dozen happen annually statewide. It isn't frequent at all." Judge Jones also showed negativity towards the legal process "You don't have the right at your age to choose where you want to live, or where you go to school. You shouldn't have the right to chose to get rid of your parents."


Emancipation began in the 1981 Northern District of Georgia District Court Case Street vs. Cobb County School District, a 17-year-old unmarried student at South Cobb High School petitioned to be recognized as legally independent of her parents. She lived on her own and wanted to attend school in the district in which she lived, as opposed to the one in which her parents lived. The courts eventually ruled that the young woman was legally independent of her parents, and legally recognized as emancipated.


This ruling took into account that while the girl's parents wished her to return home, she had no intention of doing so and had fully supported herself for four months. She was not married, but her mother said that although she wanted her daughter to return home, she would consent to her marrying her boyfriend. The court determined that to recognize a married minor as emancipated, while requiring a single person to remain in their parents' care until the age of 18, was unreasonable. This case set a precedent for unmarried minors to be legally independent of their parents in Georgia.


These days, some minors try to live away from their parents through more unofficial means. One approach some teens take is to run away from home. But, running away is a juvenile legal offense. "You are legally not emancipated if you run away, but you technically are if you can support yourself," clarifies Judge Jones, but the average runaway is not able to support themselves and, therefore, are not really emancipated. If a person under the age of 17 runs away from home, parents can issue a warrant. Then, the police can pick up the teen and return him or her to the parents, or to the Department of Family and Children Services. If there is no warrant, the teen can not be picked up as a runaway but can be held on another violation, like curfew.


Emancipated minors are responsible for themselves when it comes to everything, once the final law is put into place. Emancipation may seem glamorous, but life without parents is not all partying and eating what you want, there are negatives and positives just like there are for most decisions that are made.


Life with out parents can be a very positive experience if you have the ability and self worth to take charge of your life. Some optimistic advantages of being emancipated are as follows. A teenager may get their own place to live, but he or she will be responsible for paying the rent and any other costs. Also, he or she may get medical care without parental consent. A teen can sign contracts in their own name and are responsible for living up to the contract. It is possible to sue other people, and also be sued by others. A teen would no longer under the control of his or her parents, which means that the parents will have no obligation to support the teen financially, or provide any food, clothing, or shelter. Buying and selling property is possible for an emancipated child. Also, obtaining a driver's license or marriage license or joining the armed services without your parents' permission is possible as well. Lastly, you may enroll in a school or college of your choice without asking your parents.


Where there is a positive approach to a situation, there is also a negative approach as well. Emancipation is a major decision that can help a mature teenager who is getting little help from his or her parents to live a more independent life. But emancipation can also cause hard feelings within a family. It is sometimes possible for a teenager to get the relief and help that he or she needs without taking this step. For example: If a teen needs some relief from family problems, he or she might be able to stay with a friend or in a youth shelter for awhile. Most youth shelters will need parents' permission to let a child stay overnight. In a case where the parents have forced the teenager to leave, or will not let he or she return, or if it would be dangerous for he or she to return, that teen may be eligible for financial help from that state's Department of Social Services (DSS) even if you are not emancipated. You may be able to get help from the Department of Children and Families until you turn 18, including help in finding shelter.


Justin Strickland, an 18-year-old who attends West Lake High School in Southern California, has been emancipated since August, at which time he was 17. Justin says his reasons for leaving home were complicated and "not something I want to explain in full." Justin's life is nothing if not difficult these days. "I have a boring social life. I might go see my friends if I have time. I really don't go to parties," Justin says. He makes it clear that living on his own is not easy, frankly describing his daily routine: "I get up at about 5 a.m, go to class until 1, and from there I go to work from 2 to 5 p.m. and come home and do homework. I cook and there are dishes to wash and laundry to do. And then around 11:30 or 12 p.m., it's time for bed so that I can wake up in the morning."


Could you do everything Justin does? Being emancipated means you must work for yourself, provide substantial health care as well as finish your education.


Justin says about his schoolwork, "I don't think it's affected mine." But then he goes on to say, "There are times when I have to settle for a "B" because I don't have the time to devote it to the subject." "I don't live as comfortably as I did when I lived at home. There is no one to take care of me when I'm sick; there's no one to pick me up when it rains, and I have to walk a mile to my bus and back," says Justin. These difficulties are compounded by the lack of emotional support that most teenagers receive from their families. "You really depend on the emotional support from friends," he explains, on dealing with being independent. "The support network is really important."


In my opinion, I think that emancipation is a good idea for the most part. To help the process run more smoothly, I think that there should be certain guidelines that should be made clearer to teenagers considering this type of legal action. First of all, I suggest that there should be some sort of trial run for the teen before he or she is legally emancipated. That person should have six months or so to show that he or she is responsible financially, by having a stable, profitable job. This will be able to show whether that person can afford a proper home, and the necessities that are needed daily, such as food and clothing. Also, education should be mandatory. That teen should be able to show proof that he or she had been in some sort of education program. Likewise, good grades, and progress should be recorded, and be mandatory. If these requirements are met consistently without parental involvement, emancipation should take progress legally. A child who can take care of these responsibilities for that amount of time shouldn't have a hard time performing that same sort of routine for the rest of his or her life.


On the contrary, if these requirements are not met, and the child can not support his or herself, than obviously, legal action should not take place. I think it is important for the teenager to prove himself before legal action takes place.


In conclusion, I feel that emancipation will become more popular as today's society becomes more independent. Kids are becoming more and more responsible because of their sources of education, and from the problems that arise in the household. Sometimes in broken homes, children are forced to take responsibility for siblings and for parents, so why not for themselves legally? Some may say that emancipation is not ethical, or logical, but to the teenager himself, it is quite the contrary. It can be for many good causes, such as in Jodie's case, where now, she will be able to attend an extraordinary college and earn a very respectful degree without her parents holding her back.


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Friday, December 27, 2019

Soul mates

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Soul Mates


My community is a group of women who enjoy spending time together with our pugs. We hate men who snore like cows when they sleep, but we can not sleep without our baby pug snores next to us. We can live without a boyfriend or a husband, but we can not live without a pug to be there when we come home. We do not care if the world is going to end, but we will be freak out if our baby pug lost its appetite. I encountered this group of women, who like me are pug fans, after my husband bought me a pug for my Christmas present two years ago. I was trying to find a pug club for my baby pug, so he could learn how to socialize with other pugs. Surprisingly, I not only found friends for my baby pug, but also I had an opportunity to meet a group of women who have become my best friends. All the Members of my community care for one and another like a family, devote our passion to abandoned pugs, and strive to fit our distinct thoughts into society.


In my community we care for every one of the members like our family. Well, we do not go hiking like others who have a Labrador, or go hunting like others who have a Pointer. In contrast, just like a pug personality, we prefer to sit on the sofa with our baby pugs snuggled on our laps. We cry and scream when we complain about the problems in our lives; on the other hand, we laughed and hugged when someone told a story about how silly her baby pug had been. People spend money on finding a psychologist to solve their mental or physical problems. My community is like a free therapy center for every member. We never hesitate or feel embarrassed to share our anger or depression with one and another.


Also, sometimes I feel that every member treats me like I am a little sister, even thought I am not the youngest one in my community. After I told my community I am Taiwanese, everybody tried to comfort me when I was homesick. I will never forget how my community surprised me this year on the day of Chinese New Year. I was home alone and ate a pizza which I had left from the day before. Suddenly, the door bell rang. There was my community in the front of my house singing a Happy Chinese New Year song. I do not have a sister, but my community gives me a sisterhood that I really need. Especially, since all of my family is in Taiwan, which is a million miles away from America.


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When we hear there is an abandoned pug, every member of my community devotes to help it find a safe home enthusiastically. All the members of my community are volunteers for the Florida pug rescue association. Susan, who is the leader for this association, has been assisting pug rescue groups for almost ten years. She also adopted three pugs, who were abused by the previous owners. She is my motivational instructor because she always said to me, ¡§Can you image your baby pug was locked in your garage in a hundred degree temperature outside? People say that dogs are our best friends, but ¡§our best friends¡¨ are suffered with human's mistreatment.¡¨


I was never interested in any kind of charity and did not completely understand how wonderful it felt like to help an abandoned pug until I actually got involved with one of the projects. Last summer, I was asked to be a foster-mother for Sam, a ten-year-old male fawn pug, for three month. I was very nervous because Sam had at least five different prescriptions to take everyday, and each prescription had to be taken at a specific time of the day. Fortunately, Susan was calling me everyday and making sure that I followed the schedule for giving the medication to Sam. Two weeks after Sam was adopted, I received a thank you card from Sam's owner, who is a retired veterinarian, with a photograph of Sam swimming in the pool. I was so happy for Sam and proud of myself because after my heedful care, Sam did not need medications anymore.


However, because of our distinct thoughts, some members of my community have been struggling with the stereotype of a women's duty. My community believes that children are troublesome; we all think that we are not patient enough to raise a child. Also, we do not want to risk having a teenage son or daughter who might become harmful to society. That is why our members all chose a pug to be our life companion and treat our baby pug just like our child. Judy, who is a very intelligent woman with a Finance PhD. degree, got divorced three months ago. She had been fighting with her husband constantly about having children for a long time. As a result, Judy decided that a divorce was the only way to stop the argument. She said that she still loves her husband, but she knew that she could not settle for staying at home and changing diapers. Her husband blamed the divorce on my community because he believed that we made his wife dislike children. Judys story helped me realize that I am very lucky to have a husband who agrees with me in that we are not suited to have a child.


In short, I really appreciate my husband who bought me a cute pug that enabled me to meet the members of my community who in turn giving me guidance when I could not find my way in life. I love my community because we are like a big family; we share the joy and the sadness in our lives. Also, I admire the members of my community who never gives up their dream, no matter how hard their lives are. Of course, we as pug fans will continue to treat our baby pugs with warmth and loving care and expand our passion to protect abused pugs. In addition, since I am studying as a website designer, I am working on a webpage to find donations for the pug rescue group. I hope that someday I can create a website where my community can help pugs internationally.


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Thursday, December 26, 2019

Ha, 9th grade polx

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A political party is an organized group of people whose ideas are alike about how to govern a country. In some places, like the U.S, anyone can be part of a political party, but in others, like China, only a few select people can join. Candidates are people trying to be elected to lead the government on behalf of their party. If they are elected, they try to get laws that they like passed, and to coordinate and run the government.


The three political party systems are the one-party system, the two-party system, and the multiparty system. One-party systems are found in China and Cuba. Two-party systems are found in the United States. Multiparty systems are found in Israel, Japan, and Italy.


In one-party systems, the government and the political party are almost the same thing. Only candidates from that one party are allowed to run for an office. Only a small percentage of the population usually belongs to the party. The advantage and the disadvantage of this system are the same. It is good and it is bad because it doesn't change very much. This would be good because there is little confusion and disagreement, but on the other hand, it is bad because no changes are made for the better. People's opinions aren't heard in this sort of system.


In two-party systems, there are two dominant parties. There are other parties, but they don't have a lot of effect on national elections. These parties have similar issues, but have different ways of dealing with the issues. The advantages of this party are that they usually don't advocate extreme positions because voters don't like that, so there is stability. Also, this system has continuity because the two parties switch in and out of power, so all members have knowledge of politics and the business of government. This makes transitions between the parties go smoothly. The disadvantage of the two-party system is that sometimes minority groups are not heard. Minor parties don't get much attention or publicity. Their ideas are usually only heard if one of the major parties decides to take up the issue.


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In a multiparty system, there are three or more parties that are trying to gain control of the government. The advantage of this party is that voters have more choices for their government. The disadvantage is that it is hard for one party to gain a majority in order to form a government. One party can get a plurality, or more votes than the other parties, but they might not have a majority, or more than half of the votes, which is what is needed to form a government. To get a majority, the party that won the plurality has to form a coalition in order to gain a majority. The problem with those are that the coalition governments can have conflicting idea about how the government should work. If the dissention is bad enough, the government can dissolve, and a new election has to be held to get a new government, like in Italy, where there have been more than 50 changes in the government since the end of WWII.


Please note that this sample paper on ha, 9th grade polx is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on ha, 9th grade polx, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on ha, 9th grade polx will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.


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Wednesday, December 25, 2019

I Need Help on cider rules.

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Roe v. Wade and the History Of Abortion In America


Today, policies regarding legal abortion in the U.S. are being debated everywhere from the halls of Congress to the street corners of our smallest towns. Many myths and misconceptions confuse the issue. A better understanding of the history of abortion in America can help provide a context for making sound policy for the future.


Although the history of abortion in the United States is far older than the 17 Supreme Court case Roe v. Wade, that decision marked an important turning point in public health policy. It made it possible for women to get safe, legal abortions from well-trained medical practitioners and therefore led to dramatic decreases in pregnancy-related injury and death.


The Roe case arose out of a Texas law that prohibited legal abortion except to save a womans life. At that time, most other states had laws similar to the one in Texas. The effect of those laws was that large numbers of women resorted to illegal abortions that were dangerous because of poorly trained practitioners or unsanitary conditions. Jane Roe, a 1 year-old pregnant woman, represented all women who wanted abortions but could not get them legally and safely because of these laws. Henry Wade was the Texas Attorney General who defended the law that made abortions illegal.


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After hearing the case, the Supreme Court ruled that Americans right to privacy included the right of a woman to decide whether to have children, and the right of a woman and her doctor to make that decision without state interference.


The findings in Roe v. Wade


The Court attempted to balance the rights of women who want abortions and the states interest in protecting the health of the woman and the life of the fetus in the following way


In the first third of a pregnancy (about the first 1 weeks), state laws and regulations may not interfere with a womans right to end a pregnancy through abortion. This means that the decision whether or not to have an abortion is left to a woman and her physician.


During the second third of pregnancy (about 14 to 4 weeks), state laws may regulate abortion procedures in order to protect the womans health. This means that women can be assured that clinics which offer abortion services are regulated to ensure that safe medical procedures are followed.


During the last part of pregnancy (after about 4 weeks), and after the fetus is viable (developed enough to survive outside the mothers womb), state laws may prohibit abortion except when it is necessary to preserve the life or health of the woman. Most states (40 states and the District of Columbia) have passed laws to prohibit post-viability abortions under most circumstances. In fact, there are only a few doctors nationwide who offer post-viability abortion care to women who need it to save their life or health.


The aftermath of the Roe v. Wade decision


The reaction to Roe was swift. Supporters of legal abortion rejoiced and generally felt their battle was won. However, others faulted the Court for a decision they viewed as immoral. Those opposed to legal abortion immediately began working at the grassroots and national level to prevent any federal or state funding for abortion and to undermine or limit the effect of the decision. Some turned to measures directly aimed at disrupting the sites where abortions were being performed. Their tactics have included demonstrating in front of abortion clinics, harassing people trying to enter, vandalizing clinic property, and blocking access to the clinics. As time passed, the level of anti-choice violence escalated. Increasingly, clinic bombings, physical attacks, and even murders endanger abortion providers and create a hostile environment for women seeking abortions.


Retreat from Roe v. Wade


Initially, the framework of Roe v. Wade served as the basis by which the constitutionality of state laws related to abortion was determined. In recent years, however, the Supreme Court has begun to allow more restrictions on abortion. For instance, the Supreme Courts ruling in Planned Parenthood v. Casey in 1 established that states can restrict pre-viability abortions, even in the first trimester in ways that are not medically necessary, as long as such restrictions do not place an undue burden on women seeking abortion services. Thus many states now have restrictions in place such as requirements that young pregnant women involve their parents or a judge in their abortion decisions, that mandated waiting periods be observed between the time a woman first visits an abortion provider and when the abortion can be performed, and that scripts with information designed to frighten women and discourage women from having abortions be presented. Only the requirement that a woman involve her spouse in her decision was disallowed.


The Uncertain Future of Roe v. Wade


Right now, womens freedom of choice is hanging by a thread. Today the Supreme Court supports a womans right to choose by a slim 5-4 margin. Over the next few years, the likelihood that two or more anti-choice Justices could be appointed is very high. If just one Justice who currently supports Roe is replaced by one who does not, Roe could be reversed. If this were to happen, women would be forced to return to the days of unsafe and illegal back-alley abortions. We must work to ensure that access to safe abortion care remains a legal right for all women before it is too late.


Common Myths About the History of Abortion in America


MYTH In 17, the Supreme Courts Roe v. Wade decision made abortion legal for the first time in American history.


FACT Abortion has been performed for thousands of years, and in every society that has been studied. It was legal in the United States from the time the earliest settlers arrived on our shores until the mid- to late 1800s, when states began passing laws that made it illegal. Although a few states had liberalized their abortion laws in the late 160s and early 170s, the right to have an abortion was finally made available to all American women when the Supreme Court ruling in 17 struck down the remaining restrictive state laws.


MYTH The founding fathers never intended for abortion to be allowed in the United States.


FACT At the time the Constitution was adopted, abortions before quickening (the stage of pregnancy when the mother can feel fetal movement in the womb) were openly advertised and commonly performed. Abortion was something that the founding fathers would have been aware of, and presumably, they would not have remained silent about it if they had intended for the government to involve itself in this aspect of the private lives of its citizens.


MYTH In the 1800s, abortion was outlawed because it was so dangerous.


FACT During this time in history, all surgical procedures, including abortion, were extremely risky. Hospitals were not common, antiseptics were unknown, and even the most respected doctors had only primitive medical educations. Without the technology that we take for granted today, maternal and infant mortality rates during childbirth were extraordinarily high. The dangers from abortion were similar to the dangers from other surgeries that were not outlawed.


As scientific methods began to dominate medical practice, and technologies were developed to prevent infection, medical care on the whole became much safer and more effective. But by this time, the vast majority of women who needed abortions had no choice but to get them from illegal practitioners without these medical advances at their disposal. The back-alley abortion remained a dangerous, often deadly procedure, while areas of legally sanctioned medicine improved dramatically.


MYTH Abortion was outlawed because it is immoral.


FACT The motivations for anti-abortion laws varied from state to state, and included fears that soon the population would be dominated by the children of newly arriving immigrants, whose birth rates were higher than those of native Anglo-Saxon women. But the strongest force behind the drive to criminalize abortion was the attempt by doctors to establish for themselves exclusive rights to practice medicine. They wanted to prevent untrained practitioners, including midwives, apothecaries, and homeopaths, from competing with them for patients and for patient fees.


The best way to accomplish their goal was to eliminate one of the principle procedures that kept these competitors in business. Rather than openly admitting to such motivations, the newly formed American Medical Association (AMA) argued that abortion was both immoral and dangerous. This campaign was successful, and by 110, all but one state had criminalized abortion except where necessary, in a doctors judgment, to save the womans life. In this way, legal abortion was successfully transformed into a physicians-only practice.


The prohibition of legal abortion from the 1880s until 17 came under the same anti-obscenity or Comstock laws that prohibited the dissemination of birth control information and services. It is noteworthy that obscenity, abortion, and contraception should be so linked at a time when society deemed women incapable of making legally and socially responsible decisions and the law classified any attempts of women to make reproductive choices as unacceptable.


MYTH During the period when abortion was illegal, abortion was effectively outlawed and the safety of pregnant women was ensured.


FACT Criminalization of abortions did not reduce the numbers of women who sought abortions. In the years before Roe v. Wade, the estimates of illegal abortions ranged as high as 1. million per year1, although, of course, no accurate records could be kept of illegal procedures. What is known is that between the 1880s and 17, many thousands of women died or suffered serious medical problems after attempting to self-induce their abortions or going to untrained practitioners who performed abortions with primitive methods or in unsanitary conditions. During this time, hospital emergency room staff treated thousands of women who either died or were suffering terrible effects of abortions provided without adequate skill and care.


It should be noted that during this time some women obtained relatively safer, although still illegal, abortions from private doctors.


This practice remained prevalent for the first half of the twentieth century. Later, the rate of reported abortions began to decline, partly because doctors faced increased scrutiny from their peers and hospital administrators concerned about the legality of their operations.


Today, pro-choice advocates who fight for continued access to safe, legal abortion for all women often are motivated by their understanding of the consequences of criminalized abortion. We know from history that whenever abortion has been illegal, women have still attempted and succeeded in ending unwanted pregnancies. Unfortunately, they have often suffered serious health problems or died in the process. While the 17 Roe v. Wade decision was an important turning point in protecting women from unsafe abortion, an understanding of the pre-Roe v. Wade years is critical for making intelligent public policy decisions regarding reproductive health care in the future.


Timeline of Reproductive Rights Up to Roe v. Wade


181 Connecticut passes the first law in the United States barring abortions after quickening.


1860 Twenty states have laws limiting abortion.


165 Griswold v. Connecticut Supreme Court decision strikes down a state law that prohibited giving married people information, instruction, or medical advice on contraception.


168 Colorado, North Carolina, and California liberalize their abortion laws.


170 Alaska, Hawaii, New York, and Washington make abortion available at the request of a woman and her doctor.


17 Eisenstadt v. Baird Supreme Court decision establishes the right of unmarried people to use contraceptives.


17 Roe v. Wade Supreme Court decision strikes down state laws that made abortion illegal.


Compiled from


Anderson, D.E. Newsroom Guide to Abortion and Family Planning, Second Edition. Washington, DC The Communications Consortium Media Center, 16.


Reproductive Freedom in the Courts Significant U.S. Supreme Court Decisions on Privacy and Reproductive Rights. New York The Center for Reproductive Law and Policy, 15.


A doctor describes her experience at a county hospital before Roe v. Wade


[Hospitals] had to have beds all up and down the hallways. They were always full [because of illegal abortions]. They must have had one hundred and forty beds in those wards...in [a twenty four hour] period, youd get ten to twelve admissions. They walked into the emergency room bleeding. The first thing the doctor down there did was send them for an X-ray to see what was in their belly-to see if there were knitting needles, hooks, catheters up their belly.


A doctor describes a twenty-two year old patient whom he treated for septic shock following an illegal abortion in the 150s


[T]he infection is so overwhelming, the bacteria produce toxins that lead to a collapse of the cardiovascular system...One of the tragedies of this septic shock is that people remain lucid until the end, and she was holding my hand, and saying, Doctor, help me, Im dying. And I knew she was, and I knew there was not a blessed other thing we could do for her...I have been haunted by that girl ever since.


For More Information


For information or referrals to qualified abortion providers, call the National Abortion Federations toll-free hotline 1-800-77-100. Monday-Friday 8am-10pm, Saturday-Sunday am-5pm (EST).


For Further Reading Garrow, D.J. Liberty and Sexuality The Right to Privacy and the Making of Roe v. Wade. New York Macmillan Publishing Company, 14.


Joffe, C. Doctors of Conscience The Struggle to Provide Abortion Before and After Roe v. Wade. Boston, MA Beacon Press, 15.


Reagan, L.J. When Abortion Was a Crime Women, Medicine, and Law in the United States, 1867-17. Berkeley, CA University of California Press, 17.


Sollinger, R. (Ed.). Abortion Wars A Half Century of Struggle, 150-000. Berkeley, CA University of California Press, 17.


Weddington, S. A Question of Choice. New York G.P. Putnams Sons, 1.


National Abortion Federation


1755 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Suite 600


Washington, DC 006


(0) 667-5881


Writer Susan Dudley, PhD


Copyright 16, National Abortion Federation


1 C. Tietze and S.K. Henshaw. Induced Abortion A World Review, 186. New York The Alan Guttmacher Institute, 186.


Joffe, C. Doctors of Conscience The Struggle to Provide Abortion Before and After Roe v. Wade. Boston, MA Beacon Press, 15.


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