What about me?

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A Midsummernights Dream

By bob hope

In act two of this play, the reader learns of a quarrel between the king of the fairies, Oberon, and his queen, Titania. We later see the development of this quarrel into a dispute which the king is intent on resolving along with that of two passing mortals whose conversation we happen to overhear. Through the scene, we see Oberon's character develop into a fairly well -rounded personality, and we see the set up for the main plot of the entire play. Oberon wishes to drop love blossom juice into Titania's eyes so that he can gain back his wife's affections. In the beginning of this act, we see that Oberon is jealous that Titania's attention and time has been spent with her new page. By putting the Queen under the spell of this flower, causing her to look the fool, and then relinquishing her from this spell, the king is certain she will concede and "make her render up her page to [him]. (.1.185)" With the beginning of this act, we see Oberon as a jealous creature who feels that because he has control over nature, he should also have control over his wife. Early in the act, at the first entrance of Oberon and Titania, we first see this bitterness emerge. "What jealous Oberon, skip hence. I have foresworn his bed and company. (.1.6)" Says Titania when she first sees Oberon, basically telling him to get out of here. To which Oberon replies "Tarry, rash wanton; am I not thy lord? (1..6)" Oberon's response here shows his dominant attitude towards Titania, and her initial statement shows she is mad at him, and has no intention of submission to his will. They go on like this for quite awhile, with Titania accusing Her mate of adultery, and Oberon saying the same of her. They continue to argue for many lines until Oberon finally commands her to leave and asks Puck to enter (.1.146 154). The dialogue at the beginning shows us the start of this clever subplot and also sets up the comedy that ensues later in the play. Also, it appears Oberon shows a tender side as he takes pity on Helena, perhaps understanding her situation with Demetrius. Helena is in love with this man, who does not return the favor, and given Oberon's recent trouble gaining Titania's affections, he seems to want to help. He instructs Puck that after he puts the nectar in Titania's eyes, he should seek out Dimetrius and "Anoint his eyes / But do it when the next thing he espies / May be the lady. (.1.61 )" This gesture by Oberon seems to show that he is taking pity on the poor mortal, perhaps to make himself feel better about his current situation with his own Love. This first scene of act two beautifully sets up the plot for the rest of the play. We see the gods begin to interact with the mortals, and see that they are prone to human problems which makes their mistakes later in the play more believable, as gods are usually believed to be infallible. Through the entire scene, Oberon's character develops from a heartless ruler, to a kinder man intent on fixing not just his own problems, but those of the mortals who are oblivious to his presence.

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Iwo jima

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World War II was a time of uncertainty and heartache all over the world. Millions of young men were being sent off to battle and would not return. It was a time of mass bloodshed and confusion. During war between the United States and the Empire of Japan, on a tiny volcanic island in the South Pacific lied the spot of one of the most important US battles against Japan. The Battle of Iwo Jima – a fierce battle during Pacific conflicts of World War II- did not merely serve as a landing zone for Bomber planes under distress located 750 miles from Tokyo, the conquering of the highly fortified Island gave US Marines and Americans alike a strong sense of American Pride.

Under direct orders from President Roosevelt, Admiral Chester William Nimitz , On Christmas 1941, was ordered to take command as Commander in Chief, Pacific fleet or (CinCPac). The New CinCPac directed operations in Hawaii not far from Pearl Harbor, from atop the extinct volcano known as Makalapa. Under the tightest military security was a four-story concrete building where military leaders would continue to meet to plan the pacific division of the war. Nimitz assignment personally given in the Oval office by President Roosevelt was to defend Hawaii and fight, for months and possibly years, with what remained of decimated United States military power in the pacific. (Ross, 2-9)

Commander of the Japanese was brilliant Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto. Yamamoto was the mastermind behind Pearl Harbor. Aware of the industrial superiority of the United States in a prolonged war he said, "Unless the American fleet is put out of action by 1942, the balance of power will shift to the United States and that will be the end." At the time the US was outgunned and outnumbered so Japanese action had to be taken at once. Guam, Wake Island, and the Philippines were quickly overrun. Soon after, the Aleutians were invaded, and Alaska threatened. But, just as expected by Yamamoto power soon shifted. (Ross, 7-13)

In the morning haze of June 3, 1942 Admiral Nimitz had set an ambush for the Japanese, at Midway. For Japan, controlling Midway meant tight control between United States and Hawaii, and the South Pacific and Australia. It would be a fine rendezvous point for carrier based attacks against the West Coast. For the next forty-three hours, the outcome of the war in the Pacific was left in shaky balance. On the morning of June 4 as the morning skies came ablaze with brilliant sunlight, the battle erupted in a furious confusion. It was a standoff until early afternoon when Nimitz sent the Hornet, with its fighters, dive-bombers, and torpedo planes swarming into the action. Spectacular dogfights cluttered the skies, and in the end heavy black smoke rose thousands of feet into the sky signaling the Japanese had failed to conquer the island of Midway. (Ross, 19)

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Now the United States swung its own attack. Each military campaign from there on became bigger, more costly, more complicated, and always crucial to the long journey to Japan. Marines invaded and suffered heavy casualties in key strongholds: Guadalcanal, Guam, Saipan, Bourgainville, Tarawa, and Peleliu. During this time, around October 1944, allied forces were on the offensive on all fronts of the global war. The next step in Army Commander MacArthur's plan was the recapture of the entire Philippines and the seizure of Okinawa and Formosa, and land a million man force on the Chinese Mainland. From there could be mounted the final invasion and conquest of Japan. (Ross, 23-26)

Pulverizing the heartland of Japan through brutal air attacks had given the United States an advantage. The bomb run to Japan had always been dangerous at best. The main reason for this was the Island of Iwo Jima. With this tiny island 800 miles from Japan in their hands, using their primitive radar, Japanese interceptors were able to lift off, gain altitude, and ambush Japan-bound formations in devastating numbers. Rather than MacArthurs' plan to take South Chinese mainland, on September 7, 1944 the Admiral Nimitz assembled his admirals and generals to make plans for the invasion of Iwo Jima.

(Ross, 245)

Iwo Jima, a few miles of rock in the South

Pacific, was the location of one of the most

important battles for the US during WWII.

Iwo Jima is located in the South Pacific just 750 miles from Tokyo. The Island itself is only 8.5 square miles and is focused around Mt. Suribachi, a dormant 545-foot volcano, on the south side of the island. (Scribner,450) Iwo Jima means sulfur island, and is a volcanic island that was used to mine sulfur and refine sugar. The small island was covered in dense forest making great natural bunkers and trenches. (Perret, 399) The US occupied Iwo Jima until 1968, when it was returned to Japan.

Iwo Jima, one of the most important battles of World War II, took place on a tiny volcanic island in the South Pacific. But what was the Purpose of conquering this tiny island? American B-29 bombers were flying missions over Japan at the time but were suffering heavy losses on the long-range missions. Iwo Jima, well within striking distance of Tokyo, was seen as an ideal staging area for expanded bombing runs with fighter cover and a key location for damaged bombers to land in emergency situations. (Brown)The bombers were able to travel greater distances than smaller fighter planes, but without a nearby airfield they were forced to fly without proper fighter escort. It already had an airstrip for emergency landings, so it would be ideal for distressed American bombers. A geographically ideal spot, Iwo Jima was the most important island in the "Stepping Stone" operation of the United States.

Using new tactics and technology, the Japanese were able to slow down the inevitable conquering of their tiny tropical stronghold. Led by General Kurbayachi the Japanese constructed a massive fortress of defense of the island centered on Mt. Suribachi and overshadowed the southern landing beach. Instead of normal Japanese tactics of a beach defensive position at the waters edge, Kuribachi decided instead to defend from an elaborate system of tunnels, caves, and trenches dug into and throughout the island itself. (Frank, Oxford) Its defenses--the most elaborate, dense, and best integrated in the Pacific--included three airfields; over 730 major installations with 120 guns larger than 75mm; 220 large mortars, howitzers, and rocket launchers; and ten miles of underground tunnels linking hundreds of bunkers and blockhouses. (Iwo Jima) The island was guarded by more than 21,000 men armed with more than 1,000 heavy guns defended the small fierce island of Iwo Jima. (Wheal) Mt. Suribachi dominates both possible landing beaches. Mentally prepared, The Japanese focused their tactics around knowing they would all be killed. The goal was for each soldier was to kill 10 Americans before they were killed. General Kurbayachi showed this in a letter to his wife: "The enemy may land on this island soon. Once they do, we must follow the fate of those on Attu and Saipan. Our officers and men know about "Death" very well. I am sorry to end my life here, fighting the United States of America, but I want to defend this island as long as possible and to delay the enemy air raids on Tokyo." (Voda) Japanese gunners zeroed in on every inch of the landing beach. Blockhouses and pillboxes flanked the landing areas. Within, more heavy weapons stood ready to blast the attacking Marines. Machine guns criss-crossed the beaches with deadly interlocking fire. Rockets, anti-boat and anti-tank guns were also trained on the beaches. There were no front lines. It is possible that no other given area in the history of modern war has been so skillfully fortified by nature and by man.

Conquering this Island demanded a strategic military plan carried out using brute force. The United States used an "Island Hopping" strategy in the central Pacific kept the Japanese off balance and effectively isolated island defenders during the American advance toward Japan. (Alison) The tactics of the U.S. Marine Corps in the island-hopping drive across the central Pacific were controversial even during World War II. Critics, including elements of the

U.S. Army, argued that the Marines knew

only one way to fight--direct assault, cost what it might. (Ross/Random) To reduce US casualties from ground fighting, Iwo Jima received heavy US bombing from mid December all the way up until early February. Assigned to capture the Island was Marine Major General Harry Schidt leading his fifth Corps, that consisted of the third, fourth, and fifth divisions. On February 19, 1945 4th and 5th divisions of 5th Amphibious Marine Corps, With 3rd Marine division in rescue landed of the Island after 72 days of Air Bombardment. Admiral Nimitz describing US bombing of the Island said, "No other island during WWII received as much preliminary pounding as did Iwo." The US sent 110,000 marines to the island in 880 ships. (Frank/ Oxford)

The battle of Iwo Jima was one of the most bloody and widely known Battles of World War II. Shortly before 2am on Feb. 19, 1945, the Navy began firing on the Island Of Iwo Jima. Next 110 bombers bombed the tiny island until it looked like it had been torched. At 8:30 am 1954 the first wave of Marines were ordered to storm the beaches. Because the island was volcanic, the volcanic ash of the beaches made it impossible to dig foxholes. The Marines were sitting ducks for the heavy machine gunners and the trench hitting riflemen. The Marines were above ground and the Japanese were below them underground. The Marines rarely saw an alive Japanese soldier. The Japanese could see the Marines perfectly. Every Marine, everywhere on the island was always in range of Japanese guns. (Ross/ Legacy) The Battle was known as one of the most famous engagements in the "stepping stone" operation leading to the end of the pacific campaign of WWII. Historians described U.S. forces' attack against the Japanese defense as "throwing human flesh against reinforced concrete." After bitter fighting the US forces took Mt. Suribachi on February 23 1945, spot of the famous flag raising. The Japanese fought with astonishing bravery and made their last stand, up to the very last Japanese soldier in a rocky canyon now known as the "Bloody Gorge". (Perret, 399)

The most famous photo of WWII is unquestionably the flag raising of February 23, 1945. This photo, although staged of the previous flag raising that occurred earlier that day was atop Mt. Suribachi in which the fought inch by inch up the mountain. The photo was taken by Joe Rosenthal who one a Pulitzer prize for the photo. The survivors: Bradley, Hayes and Gagnon became national heroes within weeks. This photo means so much to us symbolically. IT shows the American rising up during a time of challenge and overcoming all odds and impossibilities.

The Iwo Jima accomplishment was a vital victory for the US, but very costly in Human Lives. 6,821 US soldiers were killed fighting the battle of Iwo Jima and 17,400 wounded. Easy Company started with 310 men. Some battalions lost a very high amount of soldiers: "We suffered 75% casualties. Only 50 men boarded the ship after the battle. Seven officers went into the battle with me. Only one--me--walked off Iwo." (Showalter) Captain Dave Severance Easy Company Commander. Iwo gave the United States a forward air base at the front door of the Japanese homeland, a bastion that cleared the way and made feasible the dropping of atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki to win the War. (Ross, 357) "The battle of Iwo Island has been won. By their victory, the 3d, 4th and 5th Marine Divisions and other units of the 5th Amphibious Corps have made an accounting to their country which only history will be able to value fully. (Isley) Among the Americans who served on Iwo Island, uncommon valor was a common virtue." -Admiral Chester W. Nimitz. The island itself served as an effective landing zone for distressed bombers saving more than 24,000 B-29 air-shipmen. The battle itself was a very costly for the Japanese as well, with more than 20,000 Japanese were killed and 1,083 captured. A total of one third of all the marines killed during World War II were killed in 36 days on an unknown island in the South Pacific, that is the size of Manhattan.

The inch by inch fighting and conquering of the tiny island gave prestige to the United States Marine Corps and every American troop. The brave troops going against extremely hostile foes gave rise to American spirit and national pride during WWII Iwo Jima was a bastion that cleared the war and made feasible the dropping of atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. United States Marines are now known for their fierce combat tactics, and will to never give up. The sacrifice of 6,821 soldiers helped save the lives of more than 24,000-air crew and created the possibility to drop the atomic bomb. Without these brave soldiers fighting and giving up their lives, the Japanese Empire would not have been defeated as quickly. (Ross, XV) (Frank, Oxford)

The Famous Picture gave raise to the famous statue. The flag-raising photo caused an immediate sensation across the country. Just two days after it was first seen in the US, Senators rose on the floor of the US Senate calling for a national monument modeled on the picture. The California State Legislature petitioned the Federal Government to build a grand monument. Thousands of ordinary American's wrote the President appealing for a monument to immortalize the picture they loved. Felix DeWeldon, an ambitious sculptor, had a clay replica of the picture sculpted within 72 hours of seeing the picture. DeErldon was hired and along with hundreds of other artisans, he worked 8 years to complete the memorial. Each figure is 32 feet high. The flagpole is 60 feet in length. (Ross, 255)It's the world's tallest bronze statue. It's stands 78 feet high. A cloth flag flies from the pole. The statue is located in the Arlington National cemetery. The cost of the statue was $850,000. No public funds were used. Private donations picked up the tab. The inscription at the bottom reads: "Uncommon Valor was a Common Virtue." (Iwo Jima)

It is difficult to understand what good can come from such a large loss of life. We must learn to respect and understand what these young men did for the greater good of our Country. It does not seem right for thousands of men of all different races to be killing one another on an island that looks more like a paradise than a battle field. These thousands of Marines died for their country, for 8.5 square miles. Without a Great War or a great depression, we seem to take for granted our forefather's sacrifice for our freedom. These men have given us so much strength from their bravery. After September 11th a common photo was the firefighters raising the American Flag amongst the rubble, very similar to the Iwo Jima flag raising. Brave acts like the flag raising of Iwo Jima have given us bravery and strength to keep our nation strong and faithful. Sepmer Fidelis.

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Females' Relationships in Virginia Wolf's "Mrs. Dalloway"

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Clarissa Dalloway, the main character in Virginia Wolf's "Mrs. Dalloway" is a complex figure that lives for her parties. Her relations with other women reveal as much about her personality as do her own musings. Wolf skillfully portrays the ways females interact sometimes drawing upon one another for things which they cannot get from men; other times, turning on each out of jealousy and insecurity. The novel although is in third person, focuses on Clarissa but moves from character to character, and the other characters provide insight into the persona of Clarissa. Wolf's purpose in creating a range of females characters with various ages and social status in the novel is to simply let the readers form their own views on Mrs. Dalloway. Wolf's does not create such a range of males characters, however, she creates enough males characters to show different views of Clarissa because after all, women are usually jealous of each other and their views are most of the time different from men's point of views.

Clarissa's relationship with the other characters males and females say a lot about her. For instance, Clarissa is Peter's first and only love. He blames her for all of his relationship problems after she refused to marry him. He is more reminiscent; he remembers the old Clarissa, in fact even the florist seems to notice a change in Clarissa, now known as Mrs. Dalloway. Clarissa's only gift to the world is her parties and she is quite known for that; Peter, however, knows that she has so much more to give and that there is so much more to perfect hostess. At the end, though Clarissa is as vain as she is, Peter sees her just as she is

"It is Clarissa,

For there she was." (Wolf, p. 14)

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Peter's views of Clarissa although might be tainted by love, shows that Clarissa is not as vain as she appears to do. Many well to do married women don't work and they throw parties to pass the time, to have fun, and to gossip about other women. Anyway, his view on her is one of the best insights on Clarissa's real persona. The other view on her Clarissa is portrays through her relationship with Sally Seton. In fact, no other females characters have or had a better relationship with Clarissa than Sally, not even Elizabeth Dalloway, her daughter.

As a young woman, Sally Seton was Clarissa's best friend, staying with Clarissa at Bourton because she was poorer than Clarissa was. Her relationship with Clarissa was quite positive; Sally enjoyed causing a raucous by making outrageous claims and acting on a rebellious instinct that led her to smoke cigars, run naked down the halls, and do other crazy stunts that were condoned by society, because after all, girls are supposed to be quiet and be lady- like.

Sally was Clarissa's stimulation; she enjoyed Sally's the individualistic woman and she was charmed by Sally. Moreover, the physical experience she enjoys with Sally is something she had never shared with a man, because Sally represents freedom from society's constraint to Clarissa. Sally would have been perfect for Clarissa because they are both freeing themselves from society and the division of class that they are place in by society; otherwise Sally would have an idealized romance for Clarissa.

Moreover, Sally represents Clarissa's true but unfulfilled love and the reason that it unfilled is perhaps because Sally wasn't a man and neither one of them were homosexuals. Again, being someone else's true love doesn't necessarily has to be about sexual involvement. Anyway, Wolf's describes the first kiss between the two ladies as such

"Sally stopped; picked a flower; kissed her on the lips.

The whole world may have turned upside down!….. The

others disappeared; there she was alone with Sally. And

she felt that she had been given a present, wrapped up and

told to keep it, not to look at it- a diamond, something

infinitely precious, wrapped up, which, as they walked

(up and down), she uncovered, or the radiance burnt

through, the revelation, the religious feeling!" (p.5-6).

The kiss that Wolf describes are what women in love feel when they shared they first kiss with the person that they love. The kiss between the two women was like an epiphany; until they were disturbed by Joseph and Peter.

Moreover, Clarissa's relationship with Ms. Kilman and Elizabeth her daughter is parallel to each other; both Clarissa and Ms. Kilman are fighting for Elizabeth's love. However, Ms. Kilman's view of Clarissa is not flattering; Ms. Kilman is poor and she hates station in life, she hates Mrs. Dalloway and she refuses to open herself to anyone except Elizabeth; perhaps it's because Elizabeth is not like her mother. Yet, their connection breaks down during the trip to the store and caf. Ms. Kilman is extremely self-involved and dependent as shown by her attempts to keep Elizabeth with her

"'I never go to parties,' said Miss Kilman, just to keep Elizabeth from going." (p. 1)

Ms. Kilman doesn't want Elizabeth to leave her, but she recognizes that she isn't her mother and she has to let her go, even if it's going to kill her.

In conclusion, Wolf's purpose in creating a range of females characters with different ages and background is to show whom Clarissa Dalloway really is. She also creates a range of males characters to use in the same way as the females characters; and through Clarissa each character comes together.

Please note that this sample paper on Females' Relationships in Virginia Wolf's "Mrs. Dalloway" is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Females' Relationships in Virginia Wolf's "Mrs. Dalloway", we are here to assist you. Your essay on Females' Relationships in Virginia Wolf's "Mrs. Dalloway" will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Loss of a creature

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"The Loss of the Creature," by Walker Percy is a short and informative piece that mostly has to do with people's personal experiences and the ways that people react to their experiences. Percy uses several examples to further explain the ways that different experiences can be perceived by different people. Although many people try to achieve maximum intensity through each experience, it is often better to take each experience as it comes and have no expectations of the power of the experience.

Percy begins his piece with an example using the Grand Canyon as his focus. Percy claims that one who views the Grand Canyon "face to face" for the first time is in actuality just confirming the fact that the canyon exists. The visitor has preconceptions about the canyon and already knows what to expect. Although Percy is correct to say this, I feel that Percy has gone too far in saying that the first natural view of the canyons (that of Garcia Lopez) is the most powerful. Each person's experience is unique and can only be judged powerful by the person who is experiencing. For me, I don't measure my actual experience to any preconceptions; they are all unique and are measured on a distinct scale. "The highest point, the term of the sightseer's satisfaction, is not the sovereign discovery of the thing before him; it is rather the measuring up of the thing to the criterion of the performed symbolic complex." Here, Percy states that when we are experiencing something, instead of perceiving it based on its own qualities, we try to see what we have already learned about that place or subject. Percy also explains that people are often reaching to experience that first and natural view when in fact it is impossible because of the impact of society. If one attempts to go off the beaten track to achieve the natural experience, they are just being different, not better or worse.

There are many examples of how someone's first and natural experience differs from an experience with preconceptions. Music is an area where a natural experience, one with no preconceptions can be achieved. I can recall the first time that I listened to one of my favorite songs, Blue Sky, by the Allman Brothers Band. The music overcame my senses and left my body tingling with emotions. Although this feeling continued to occur each time that I would listen to this song, I had expectations. I heard the song differently, not with more or less power, just differently.

Percy also talks about the way that people share their experiences. "They wanted him, not to share their experience, but to certify their experience as genuine." Although he makes a good point, I feel that people's experiences shouldn't be questioned. The power of people's experience depends upon how he or she feels, not upon the reaction of others.

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It is very important to realize that each person's experiences are unique. Each person feels differently about the same experiences. If you sit two people down next to each other, and put them through the exact same movie, each will feel differently about the movie. Some people hate what others love.

Please note that this sample paper on loss of a creature is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on loss of a creature, we are here to assist you. Your essay on loss of a creature will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Discuss how birds evolved from their non-avian ancestors

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Speculation about the evolution of birds began in the eighteenth century when de Maillet claimed that they had arisen from flying fish (Stahl, 174). The earliest known member of Aves is Archaeopteryx, first found in the Late Jurassic rocks of Bavaria, and it is now known that birds are the second most direct (surpassed only by the more obvious reptiles) descendants of the dinosaurs but as yet there has been no universally accepted theory of their exact ancestry. Currently two major hypotheses on the evolution of birds still stand in conflict, with one other slightly more obscure theory still hanging on by a thread.

To start with the least well accepted hypothesis, in 17 A.D. Walker claimed that there were close relations between extant birds and extinct crocodylomorphs (ie Sphenosuchus) based mainly on his detailed studies of the morphology of the braincase and ear region of both. Other proposed evidence included similarities in features of the tarsus, skull and teeth. However, it has since been found that the majority of synamorphies hypothesised between birds and crocodylomorphs are general to archosaurs or other larger taxonomic. Thus levels so they can not be seen as diagnostic of the phylogeny of either taxa and this theory has all but lost its support (Padian & Chiappe, 18).

Of the two major contenders, the theropod hypothesis seems to have the most evidence on its side. First proposed by Huxley, this links birds to a group of small carnivorous bipedal dinosaurs (the theropods) which display striking synamorphies with both Archaeopteryx and extant birds. These include features of the skull, pectoral girdle and hind limb, a longer ischium, a postoventrally directed pubis and many others (Padian & Chiappe, 18). In 16 Heilmann rejected a theropod ancestry for birds based on the lack of clavicles displayed by all theropods which had at that time been found. However, this objection was destroyed a decade later when clavicles were reported in an Early Jurassic theropod dinosaur, Segiasaurus. They have now also been reported in a plethora of other species. The major stumbling block of this theory stems from the apparent absence of theropod dinosaurs from the fossil records before 110 million years ago. As the first Arcaeyopteryx is 150 million years old, Feduccia (16) and others claim that they cannot possibly be the ancestors of the birds. However, Padian and Chiappe (18) counter what they refer to as "The false argument of stratigrapic disjunction" with the example of monotremes which have for a long time been universally accepted as the ancestors of marsupials and placentals but were not until recently known in the fossil records until 80 million years after the first appearance of their descendants. Padian and Chiappe merely take this as evidence for the imperfection of the fossil record.

Mainly because of the momentous gap in the fossil record Feduccia (16) and a number of other scientists still favour thecodonts theory of the ancestry of birds. The thecodonts comprise archosaurian reptiles that are not dinosaurs, crocodiles or pterosaurs, and have no diagnostic characters of there own and are claimed by this group of scientists to be the most likely ancestors of Archaeopteryx. Further evidence to support this claim was found in the form of striking "affinities" between Archaeopteryx and certain earlier thecodonts. However, Padian and Chiappe (18) dismiss this as an over pronounced reliance on features such as small teeth and triangular skulls which they claim can be seen in the juvenals of a large number of tetrapods.

Custom Essays on Discuss how birds evolved from their non-avian ancestors

Whilst the argument over the exact ancestors of the birds has not yet been resolved, it is still possible to speculate on the changes in general which must have taken place for birds to evolve. This is best done by looking at the specific features which are used to diagnose modern birds and which lead to the placing of Archaeopteryx as the earliest know true avian..

On the surface it seems that birds are characterised by 4 main features. Firstly they all have wings which at some point in their ancestry have been capable of sustaining flight. They also all have feathers, elongated skulls and horny beaks. All of these must have evolved due to selection pressure under which their reptilian ancestors lived and whilst they are also displayed separately in a number of non-avian species, (such as the feathered theropods of china (Xu et al. 001)) it is their presence in combination with each other that makes them diagnostic of the order Aves.

In support of the theropod hypothesis of bird development, there are a number of known fossils of distinctly non-avian theropod dinosaurs (ie definitely incapable of flight from the morphology of their wings) which show the presence of either modified scales, ie Sinosauropteryx which has a row of small fringed structures along its vertebral column (Padian & Chiappe, 18), branched integumental structures (protofeathers), ie Sinornithosaurus (Xu et al. 001) or true feathers, ie Protoarchaeopteryx (Quiang et al. 18). Phylogenetic analysis has indicated that these specimens are more primitive than Archaeopteryx and therefore suggests that feathers developed in theropods before a capability to fly gave them their avian distinction. This is fairly astounding as it was always assumed that feathers evolved as a consequence of flight rather than their presence aiding the evolution of the latter.

As feathers did not therefore evolve to allow better flight, there must have been alternative selection pressures which favoured the presence of feathers for another reason. There have been a number of varying theories put forward for the adaptive value of feathers, ranging from active thermoregulation through display to camouflage. If the thermoregulatory function of feathers is to be taken as the most likely then it has been suggested that of the three types of feathers (down, covert and flight) down and covert would have evolved first as they would have afforded the most insulation. In contrast, supporters of the display/camouflage theory believe that flight and covert feathers would have been the first to derive from the reptilian scales (Padian & Chiappe, 18).

Once the evolution of flight has been uncoupled from the development of feathers in birds (by the discovery of them non-flying, reptilian ancestors) then we are free to hypothesise on the adaptive significance of flight without having to worry about the apparent lack of some of the necessary structures at the beginning of flight history. The two proposed models of flight evolution in existence have enjoyed varying levels of favour within the scientific world over the years the arboreal model suggests a "trees down" gliding origin of flight whilst the cursorial model relies on a run-and-jump "ground up" beginning.

Having spent many years at the top of the pile, the arboreal theory is beginning to be toppled. This model suggests that powered flight originated through a growing use of wings whilst gliding from a higher level to a lower one. These high places have most frequently been assumed to be trees thus giving the model it's name. Although it has been argued that the claws of its pes and manus have a curvature typical of birds adapted to perching on branches (Feduccia, 1), this argument was countered by Ostrom (176) who suggests that Archaeopteryx has claws commensurate with ground dwelling birds. There is also evidence to suggest that trees of substantial size would have been absent from the habitats in which the fossilised Archaeopteryx has been found (ie de Buisonj, 185). This, accompanied by the other evidence, such as the lack of typical gliding morphology associated with the skeleton of Archaeopteryx, has lead to an increase in the number of proponents for the cursorial model which does not rely on the presence of trees or climbing ability in the ancestors (Padian & Chiappe, 18).

However, the cursorial model relies on the inference from fossils that the ancestors of the birds were strongly-bipedal, swift running and capable of attaining suitable speeds to allow for take off. Unfortunately, the maximum running speed of Archaeopteryx has been estimated at ms-1 and it's minimum flying speed at 6ms-1 and this apparent disparity in figures has caused an instability in the "ground up" theory. This, coupled with the high energy demands necessary to attain lift against gravity and the unsolved problem of the origin of the flight stroke have been used by proponents of the "tree down" theory to discredit the cursorial model. However, recent calculations including the wings of Archaeopteryx as primary thrust generators used to increase speed (Burgers & Chiappe, 1) have apparently provided a solution to the gap between the running and flight velocities and have given the cursorial model much greater credibility. Also, the discovery that the sister group of birds, Deinonychus, already had the side-ways flexing wrist essential for the development of the wing beat and the production of thrust has helped calm fears over problems associated with the evolution of the flight stroke (Padian & Chiappe, 18). It has also been suggested that this movement would have served Deinonychus as a prey-seizing stroke and therefore could well have been used by the ancestors of both in the pursuit of prey and have developed into a thrust generating mechanism from there.

Whether it developed via the cursorial or arboreal model, or even by a combination of the two, flight is an exceptionally energetically expensive pastime and the ancestors of modern birds must have been under phenomenal selection pressures to make it a favourable option. Theories on causes of flight origin tend to cast the ancestors of birds in either a predatorial or a prey role. As the animals were carnivores it has been suggested (as mentioned before) that the wing beat evolved as a means to increase their speed when in the pursuit of terrestrial prey. However, it has also been hypothesised that forelimb flapping may well have served to increase the moment of suspension when jumping to catch insects which were also a food source. Alternatively, these creatures were small compared to the top predators of the time and the extra thrust generated by a wing beat, and even the ability to propel themselves through the air, may well have increased their chances of avoiding predation.

The energetic demands of flight may well have been instrumental in the evolution of the distinct avian respiratory system. This system ensures via a system of air sacs that with every muscle movement involved in breathing, fresh a supply of oxygen is passed across the respiratory surface, - unlike in other vertebrates where fresh air is only present on every other muscle movement. This would therefore allow a greater efficiency in the diffusion of oxygen into the blood meaning that more was available to be used in respiration within muscles such as those controlling the wings during flight.

Other skeletal characteristics that must have evolved in the development of the birds include major alterations to the digits to produce wings and the skull. In the past it seems to have been argued at some time or another that the wing of a bird comprises of almost every combination of three digits conceivable. However, irrelevant of digit numbering (apparent discrepancies in which have been used to attack the theropod ancestor theory (Hecht, 14) but in turn has been rebuffed by the claim that a change in digit identity would only necessitate a single simple mutation and is therefore not strong enough evidence to discredit the theropod theory (Galis, 001)) it is obvious that a reduction in digit number and morphology has occurred to produce the wings exhibited by Archaeopteryx. From the non-avian ancestors, it has been suggested that a complete loss of digits IV and V and a significant reduction in digits I and III would have lead to the production of the wing seen in Archaeopteryx (Padian & Chiappe, 18).

The development of the beak and loss of teeth would have opened up new food sources to the proto birds whilst also greatly changing the aerodynamics of the creature. By losing the teeth and replacing it with a gizzard containing stones (as in the case many species of extant birds) the weight distribution would change from more at the front to a greater mass in the region of the sternum. This may well have acted as a type of ballast by stabilizing the bird during flight and thus giving it an adaptive favourability through which natural selection could act.

As can be seen from the evidence laid out in this essay, the evolution of birds is a dynamic subject with many contrasting and conflicting theories. However, irrelevant of the exact starting point, the evolution of birds was characterised by the development of the essentially avian features of feathers, wings, flight and beaks in combination. Since the time of Archyopteryx the order Aves has undergone many further modifications at the hands of evolution to produce the birds of modern day. For instance, drastic reduction of the number of tail vertebrae and the development of a pygostyle have afford birds greater control of the flight feathers in their tails which in turn has allowed them to attain exploitation of a wide range of lift forces during flight (Gatesy & Dial, 16). This means that the birds of today are certainly more graceful and capable flyers than Archaeopteryx but irrelevant of its ability, it is still the earliest known creature almost definitely capable of a significant degree of powered flight.

Burgers, P and LM Chiappe, 1, "The wing of Archaeopteryx as a primary thrust generator.", Nature, 60-6

Feduccia A, 1, "Evidence from claw geometry indicating arboreal habitats of Archyopteryx.", Science, 570-7, New Haven.

Feduccia A, 16, "The origin and evolution of birds", Yale University Press, New Haven.

Galis, F, 001, "Digit identity and digit numbering indirect support for the descent of birds from theropod dinosaurs", Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 1616

Gatesy, SM and KP Dial, 16, "From frond to fan Archyopteryx and the Evolution of short-tailed birds", Evolution, 5007-048

Padian, K and LM Chiappe, 18,"The Origin and early evolution of birds", Biological Review, 71-4

Quiang, J, PJ Currie, MA Norell and J Shu-An, 18, "Two feathered dinosaurs from northeasetern China", Nature, 75-761

Stahl, BJ, 174 "Vertebrate History", McGrawHill

Xu X, HH Zhou and RO Prum, 001, "Branched integumental structures in Sinornithosaurus and the origin of feathers.", Nature, 41000-04

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Jewish Business Moguls

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Jews in business; it has always been argued by some, that for such a small minority, Jewish business leaders are overwhelmingly prevalent. Though Jews make up only % of the US population, they account for 45% of fortune top 40 fortune 500 Americans. In many different high profile careers such as, professors, Lawyers, Doctors, Politicians, and sports franchise owners to name a few, Jews are very well represented.

To some this seems to show Jews as a much larger part of the population, this is not so. Except for the New York City metropolitan area, Miami, and California, Jews are not found very much. Now it just so happens these are top business regions in the country, therefore opportunities abound. Throughout the history of Jewish civilization, things have not been easy for these people. There has always been someone, or some group who has wished to eradicate, or stem any gain they make.

A strong work ethic, determination, and desire for material goods have grown from this history. The Jewish religion, as opposed more to the Christian religion, teaches that money is good. It is not dishonorable to seek wealth for himself, and family, long as these riches are acquired through moral means. When compared to the rest of the population Jews are generally more educated, wealthier, and are less likely to commit a felony. The US prison population is less than 1% Jewish.

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It is as if Jewish children are raised to succeed, value of hard work, and sacrifice are presented to them by family members. Many of today' Jewish citizens are second, and third generation Americans, so they are not that far removed from their grandparent's tenement and sweatshop work. From an early age, torah study preaches hard work. Hebrew school students and those who attend yeshiva must make a tremendous commitment to not only secular studies, but also the studies of religion, and language. You are taught to work hard, for in the future it will pay off with Money, and prosperity.

Those who are bar-mitzvah at 1, are considered a man under Jewish tradition, and

Religion. Now at the age of 1 you may wonder, how can you be a man already? You live at home, and are not self sufficient yet. In this case, it is more about starting to take responsibility for your action, as high school success will turn into a good college, etc. As a child, there are no shortage of role models from the community, media, the arts, and family members to aspire to. This shows a child what hard work can accomplish.

There has been much research done on Jewish people, and why they posses much economic prowess. In 14 the Bell curve was released, and it claimed more of the high IQ readings were due to genetics. This was not scientifically proven, and only served to alienate Jews, and receive scorn from non-Jews. People must also understand, that hatred of Jews is still alive, and unfortunately does not appear to be subsiding as much as we would like. This is why success can always be tainted by the bigoted, short sited views of others. We tend to develop a think skin from circumstances like this; it can serve well in later business dealings

Please note that this sample paper on Jewish Business Moguls is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Jewish Business Moguls, we are here to assist you. Your essay on Jewish Business Moguls will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Autonomy

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Autonomy Within Professional Practice

I am currently on placement at a Learning Disability Centre in the North of England, which has been open since 174.

The centre aims to support 10 people who have moderate to severe learning disabilities, current ages ranging from nineteen to seventy six years of age. The centre has a number of well-established partnerships with a wide variety of agencies and organisations, which enhances service delivery offering a more varied and inclusive service. Help with essay on Autonomy

The centre aims to support people to play a full and active roll within their local community, through the provision of a programme of activities. This is achieved by using a key worker system and a person centred approach.

This encourages multi-disciplinary teams working, supporting and developing individual service users.

(Halton Borough Council 000)

Each person has their own person centred plan (see appendix 1) and timetable relating to daily activities within structured aims and objectives for example participating in a drama activity can enhance communication skills, which promotes confidence in voicing issues and enhances independence.

The centres philosophy is that every one has the right to experiences, which encourages choice, opportunities and personal development. Both present and future service provision is based firmly on the government's white paper 'Valuing People'.

According to Halton Borough Council they concur that central to this day centre's philosophy of encouraging choice, opportunities and personal development is the involvement of people in all stages of the decision making process regarding their services.

www.halton-borough.go.uk

Within the centre staff are required to follow the Social Care Conduct of Practice when working with Service Uses. The code of practice outlines procedures and policies that are to be implemented within the professional practice (see appendix )

(Halton Borough Council 00)

For this assignment I have chosen to focus on a principles and theories of ethics.

The word ethics has several meanings for example can be related to as what is 'ought to be' or used to refer to as customs and beliefs of a particular group as in a religious ethics, physicians ethics, or nurse ethics. .

(Fry 14)

Ethics are related to theories for example 'classical theories' imply a rich historical tradition and concern with good life or how to achieve the good life e.g. hedonism and stoicism. 'Modern theories are applied ethical conduct in order to find the meaning of terms and statements that appear in theories e.g. naturalism, emotivism and intuitionism

(Fry 14)

All theories of ethics contain one or more ethical principles (ethics in nursing practice). (Fry 14)

Beauchamp & Childress state that ethical principles are guides to moral decision-making and moral action, and centre in the formation of moral judgements in professional practice. (Beauchamp & Childress 18)

Related ethical principles that relate to health profession are beneficence, justice, autonomy, veracity, and fidelity.

I have chosen to focus upon autonomy, as this is a debateable ongoing issue within this professional practice.

Autonomy is. 1. independence or freedom, as of the will or ones actions the autonomy of the individual.

. the condition of being autonomous; self-government, or the right of self-government; independence

www.factmonster.co.uk

The centre focuses on the principle autonomy but elements of 'intilarism' are experienced.

Intilarism is the recognition of a persons right to be his own unique individuality, but the health care profession ignores frequently autonomous wishes.

Paternalism is adopted rather than informed consent (Husted&Husted11)

To follow is a reflection on examples of positive and negative autonomy that Service users experience within the centre daily and try to explain what type of support is available and how this effects the delivery of care for the individual.

The centre has a Journalism group, which gets together twice a week; the group has become involved in a number of projects that enable Service Users to exercise their choice. They felt an important segment in anyone's daily schedule is in choosing a meal. They identified that there are situations that can make it difficult in for Service Users to choose their own meal from the canteen for example not being able to see over the counter due to physical height restriction, wheelchair restrictions and disability impairments i.e. reading menus.

To overcome this the journalism group became heavily involved in using digital cameras and computers to display all the daily menus the canteen provides.

Each day a service User was responsible to ask the kitchen staff what the day's choices are so they can display the large pictures on the menu display. This assists people in the queue to decide what they want. The photos are easily removable to show to staff or for people who are unable to queue in the canteen, or require extra help in their decision-making, also they are portable enough to show a person in the comfort of their own room.

This activity has made it possible and desirable to identify valued activities through which a person can move towards an informed future. It has promoted self-initiative, independence and a rewarding feeling of gratification for the Service Users who took part in this exercise. It has promoted more freedom of choice, independence for other Service Users accessing the canteen.

A few Service Users demonstrated negative examples of autonomy, at meal times. When communicating with them they voiced their opinions stating, they never wanted to bring packed lunches daily, parents made them. Reasons behind this were down to them being over weight and made to stick to a low fat controlled diet or for financial reasons

Financially Service Uses receive disability benefits, which include money for meal times. The canteen is subsidised, it's all down to parents controlling their finances that takes away their right to choice.

As for diet they only have to be few pounds over weight and they are put on a diet by parents and the multi-disciplinary team. This is seen as a threat to their health and well-being. They are monitored on their daily consumption by care staff.

I experienced one gentleman only being allowed a treat on a Friday afternoon. If we were to put on a few pounds or excess weight it should be are decision if we were to diet or not, we could be advised of health implications but it would still be our decision.

This not only takes away choice but also implies that these people don't have the mentality to make decisions regarding their health for themselves.

(Rumbold 000)

John O'Brien states that 'choice is the experience of autonomy in both small, everyday matters (e.g. what to eat or what to wear) and in large, life-defining matters (e.g., with whom to live or what sort of work to do). Personal choice defines and expresses individual identity. Without focused effort to increase available options and provide support for decision making, people with severe handicaps will be passive and without voice or the ability to escape undesirable situations.'

(O'Brien 181)

A key policy in Community Care legislation is that of involving service users in service planning and delivery. Training and support for service users speaking up for themselves and expressing views is of paramount importance if the user's voice is to be heard. (Department of Health 000))

One attempt at involving service users and encouraging them to express their views and having a say in how they would like their day service to develop is by allowing them to interview prospective staff.

In preparing for interviews, clients discussed the need not to ask leading questions and what that meant. Service users discussed about how it would be necessary to ask additional questions to those that were written down.

The service users had to consider ways of rephrasing questions in case they were not clear to the interviewee, or in order to get more information so that a question was answered properly.

In designing the questions the clients had total autonomy in discussing together what they felt were appropriate questions to ask. Having the service users formulate their own questions was probably better than any question that staff would have formulated according to a day service organiser (located at the centre).

For example it was recorded that clients were able to use simple, clear language, there was no ambiguity in the way the questions were formulated.

When clients asked the questions during the interview, questions were very clear and uncluttered no jargon used and no lengthy questions.

From involving service users it was recorded that it changed the culture and the attitudes of the workers and recognised the users expertise.

It also coincided with The NHS Community Care Act 11, which recommends that users should be at the focus of planning, developments and initiatives by collaborating and joint working and consultation with users.

www.halton-borough.gov.uk

The exercise also demonstrated that people with learning disabilities carry less intellectual clutter and so can say and see things in clearer and direct ways.

Another example of the need for autonomy is when service users want opportunities to be able to work. Access to the world of work can be difficult, sometimes daunting.

Halton Supported Employment offer comprehensive services to local employers, in order to create opportunities for people with learning disabilities, to get real paid employment.

www.halton-borough.go.uk/../socialservices/supportedemployment.asp

We take for granted having the ability to sustain employment.

Clients receive initial support for approximately fifteen weeks. On the employment scheme there is an expectancy of initial support being withdrawn after that period.

However it has been identified that there are a number of service users that would like a work placement but would require longer or indefinite support within that placement. However this is not current practice, referrals still not being acted upon.

This obviously causes limitations of choice.

In recent job research and statistical evidence it shows that majority of jobs taken up tend to be 'stacking shelves', Is the firm doing this to please the service or is there a real job already there? It's hard to give an indefinite answer to this question because it can be looked at from numerous angles and be considered by differing attitudes and beliefs.

Traditionally people with learning disabilities have been regarded as objects of pity, objects of charity, misfits and inadequate, these are just a few of the negative perceptions which people have held and still hold today. As a result they have become seen as passive recipients of services. They have been assumed to be incapable of exercising their rights over their own lives, which others take for granted. Often services have developed without consulting the users of it, and decisions have been made for them, mapping out their life opportunities.

(O'Brien, Lyle&Sibblett 18)

The centre has set up a self-advocacy group in reference of the above.

Self-advocacy is 'speaking out for yourself' individually or in groups rather then letting others speak or act upon your behalf. Self-advocacy occurs when people assert their own rights, needs and concerns and assume the duties of full citizenship. Outcomes from theses groups have been proven to dispel the beliefs that people with learning disabilities depend solely on others and can only achieve very little.

(Mencap, 001)

Conclusion

John O'Brien has researched into lifestyle accomplishments within the learning disability environment. He recommends the following five Community Presence, Choice, Competence, Respect, Community Participation

He recommends these accomplishments help us to identify constructive actions that

Will improve the quality of life experiences for a particular individual.

(O'Brien 181)

The centre makes positive contributions towards each individual. From experiences within the centre and in the community, the service users receive a lot of freedom of choice and levels of independence. This is only taken away if it is not seen as beneficial or of a threatening implication towards the service user.

The service users are assessed and identified as individuals, with differing levels of physical and mental abilities, personalities and varying constraints.

The centre is constantly updating and communicating with service users to improve existing levels of standard.

From my work placement I have really enjoyed exploring this new experience that I have not before had the opportunity to be part of. I found the role of the Day Service Organiser to be a rewarding position as the service users showed real gratification when activities and delivery of care was implemented.

The emergence of advocacy movements has had tremendous force in bringing people to express more clearly their rights and entitlements.(Dawson & Whittaker 1)

The day centre's philosophy coincides with the implemented practice in the delivery of care that is received by the service users.

But there are still issues where aspects of choice and decision are taken away from them whether it being subconsciously (in the person's best interest as thought of by the carer or parent, or by the sub-conscious level were the want to be able to provide the autonomy but unable to due to finances reasons or lack of resources.

During this placement, it was not evident that the centre endeavoured to promote 'autonomy' for he people in its care.

Individuals were encouraged to become more independent for example, during an activity developing skills needed to glue and cut. Individuals were given the opportunity to choose activities they were interested in, to involve them making their own timetables.

This research has highlighted the need for more autonomy, valuing the contributions of people with learning disabilities to enable them to gain the confidence and self-esteem to ensure that they are included in the decision-making process.

The centre adheres to the guidelines implemented by the government's white paper 'Valuing People' they reflect on the principles of rights, choice and inclusion and the implications portrayed. They drive their challenges and perceptions through the help of agenise i.e. public, independent sectors and voluntary services. Who try to promote people with learning disabilities to have their voices heard and have wider opportunities for a fulfilling life as part of the local community?

They imply that getting it right for people with learning disabilities will show what can be achieved, within one of the most vulnerable and socially excluded groups in society. (Halton Borough Council 000).

Reference

Beauchamp.,& Childress,J,F.,(18) Principles of Biomedical nd Ed. Oxford University Press, New York.

Dawson,L.,&Whittaker,A.,(1) On one Side The role of the advisor in supporting people with learning disabilities in self advocacy groups, Mencap, Stamford.

Fry,T,S.,(14) Ethics in Nursing Practice rd Ed. Council Of Nurses(RCN) London

Husted,G,L.,&Husted,J,H,.11 Ethical Decision Making. Mosby-Year-Book,Inc.USA.

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