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The Manhattan Project
In 1, the Nazis were rumored to be developing an atomic bomb. The United States initiated its own program under the Army Corps of Engineers in June 14. America needed to build an atomic weapon before Germany or Japan did.
General Leslie R. Groves, Deputy Chief of Construction of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, was appointed to direct this top-secret project. He established three large engineering and production centers at remote U.S. sites the Clinton Engineer Works at Oak Ridge, Tenn.; the Hanford Engineer Works in eastern Washington State; and Project Y, a code-named site 100 miles north of Albuquerque at Los Alamos, N.M.
Meanwhile, experiments in a small laboratory beneath the University of Chicagos abandoned Stagg Field were expanding understanding of atomic theory. The first controlled nuclear reaction occurred under Stagg Field. Italian physicist Enrico Fermi managed the University of Chicago reactor, called Chicago Pile 1 (CP-1). Nobel Prize-winner Fermi had fled Fascist Europe. On the afternoon of December , 14, it happened. Under the abandoned west stands of Stagg Field, the first controlled nuclear reaction occurred. Humankind had controlled energy released from the nucleus of the atom. CP-1 paved the way for Oak Ridge and Hanford to develop ways of obtaining nuclear fuel for atomic weapons.Help with essay on Manhattan Project
Scientists now had to create the fuel for an atomic bomb. The Oak Ridge facility separated the nuclear fuel U-5 from U-8, natural uranium. Since scientists needed to find fuel for the reactors, meant using uranium (U-5) or plutonium (Pu-8), the only suitable substances know by 14. Project leaders did not know how quickly or how much of each they could produce, so they decided to produce both at the same time. There were three methods that existed for extracting U-5, An electromagnetic process, gaseous diffusion and thermal diffusion. Oak Ridge crews built a plant for each method. The electromagnetic process at the facility, called Y-1, was the most promising. The process of extracting U-5 from natural uranium started at the Clinton Engineer Works, 0 miles west of Knoxville, TN. Work began on the plant in 14. In 14, the facility name was changed to Oak Ridge. This Appalachian site spanned 5,000 acres of wilderness and farmland. More than 1,000 rural families were relocated from their farms due to Oak Ridge.
The Hanford Engineer Works produced plutonium. The search for this location included sites along the Colorado and Columbia Rivers in California, Oregon, and Washington. The isolated 500,000-acre Hanford site offered security for sensitive operations. Large quantities of electricity and cooling water (at least 5,000 gallons per minute) were available and a mild climate allowed year-round work.
The facility encompassed three small towns -- Hanford, White Bluffs, and Richland--and bordered the Columbia River. Sheep had grazed the flat, rocky countryside, which was dotted with orchards, vineyards, and farms. To build the facility, the townships of Richland, White Bluffs, and Hanford vanished. As at Oak Ridge, 1,500 people were relocated in the process. Close to a half-million acres were purchased for more than $5.1 million by the spring of 14. The new facility was named Hanford Engineer Works after the riverside village.
Theoretical physicist, J. Robert Oppenheimer (104-167), who also directed Los Alamos research, identified top scientists and engineers from universities nationwide. In November 14, General Groves and Oppenheimer chose the site where the first atomic bombs were designed and built. The site at Los Alamos, N.M. had been a boys school and Oppenheimer had visited it in the 10s.
At Los Alamos, an international team of scientists and engineers labored around the clock to create the first atomic weapons. For its remote location and existing school buildings, it helped make Los Alamos the perfect choice for a research and development site. The owners of the school were willing to sell it to the military for $440,000, since they were having problems obtaining and keeping qualified teachers during the war. By March 14, Los Alamos had became an intellectual boomtown. Known as the hill, Los Alamos produced two bombs. One, nicknamed Little Boy, was a gun-type weapon that used U-5. A slug of U-5 would be projected down a gun barrel into the center of another piece of U-5. When combined, a nuclear explosion would occur. The second bomb, Fat Man, used implosion to detonate plutonium. Here, explosives would surround the plutonium ball. When detonated, they would compress the plutonium, causing a nuclear explosion.
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