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Augustine died in 40 at the age of 76 (or 780). When he died there were barbarians at the gate of Hippo. This all started when Alaric, king of the Goths, took Rome in 410. With this corruption, Roman society was thrown into confusion. In the west there is a vacuum of authority, so the church steps into the vacuum. They seized political control. The barbarians didn't care, they were not anti-Christian. Actually, Alaric considered himself an Arian Christian. Chalcedon happens after all of this. This goes on for centuries where political authority and the church were intermingled. These years prevented the spread of Islam through Europe. It spread quickly through Northern Africa by force of arms. The Christian political system did a lot to stop that. This also accomplished some form of stability.
Pope Gregory supervises the rebuilding of the ruins of Rome.
During this time, France is Christian in the same way Morocco was Islamic, the government said they had to be. This was a shallow political Christianity. The movement that comes out of this is monasticism. Western monasticism is different than the eastern. Benedict is the one that catalogued western monasticism. Western monasticism is almost all communal and it is not about punishing the body (sitting on poles). Western monasticism forces the evangelical counsel of obedience, not to God, but to the abbot of your monastery. Permanence became true, if you commit to a monastery, you are there forever.
St. Francis of Assisi - His name was Giovanni, but his father called him Francesco because he like France. From a filthy rich family and he loved money. Had lots of $ and spent a lot of it. Decided to embark on a military career, he wasn't good. Got captured and was a P.O.W. for about a year. When he was released, he was going to go back into the military but then had a vision that told him to go home. He gets home and he is not the same guy. All kinds of stories about him began to circulate. His friends thought that he was in love, so they asked him and he said yes, he is getting married to Lady Poverty. His family is not too happy about that. One day he was crossing a field on his horse and he meets a leper, he embraces the leper and gives him all of his money. He made a pilgrimage to Rome and was watching people give their offering at the a cathedral and he was not happy about what the people were giving, so he gives all of his money in the offering. Then he sees a poor person and gives him all of his clothes and he takes the beggars clothes. Dad is really really mad. He goes into his dad's shop and takes his cloth and sells it to give away the money. His dad takes him to court over it and Francis said that he only had one father and that was God. H4 stripped all his clothing off, left them in court and walks out of the court, then he is attacked by robbers. He ended up in a monastery that took care of him, nursed him back to health. He takes principals of poverty and uses text in Matthew, give everything, take nothing, take a staff only...etc. Francis adopts this literally, takes one sandals, one tunic, and a staff. He starts the Franciscan order. He is not an administrator. Franciscan are still around today. By the rules, they have no property, their monasteries are really nice though. In 11, I think, they were given a chapel in Assisi. Francis preached to everything, even birds. His followers gained immense following. A women's form of this movement came about called the Poor Clares. In 11 the Franciscans were given a retreat center called La Verna. In 14 Francis retired to La Verna. He fasted for 40 days, and during that time he meditated on the suffering of Christ. He experienced the Stigmata. St. Francis supposedly had all five of the wounds of Christ.
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St. Dominic - came from a devout Catholic family, his mom was actually a saint. His oldest brother gives all he has to the poor, lives in hospitals, etc. Placed a lot o value on education, was generous but didn't give everything away. In 10 he met a group in France called the Albigensians. They would say they were Christians. They looked like Catholics, but didn't have a lot of use for the popes, therefore, the church didn't really like them. Dominic didn't think that the church was prepared to deal with the albigensians. So he wanted a bunch of people to study scripture all the time so that people would be more ready to defend these heretics. The pope was all for that, so he got some followers and established the Order of Preachers and the pope approved it quickly. Dominic became the pope's #1 theologian. Even to this day, the pope's theologian is a Dominican.
Sr. Robert - He was an abbot in a monastery in France. He was troubled by relaxed way that the monks were taking the Benedictine rule, so he got a bunch of people and went to Citeaux. This was before St. Francis. In 108, on March 1st, on the Feast of Saint Benedict, this new order began to restore the order of St. Benedict. Movement that came out of this was the Cistercian movement, named after the city. They are very focused on manual labor. During this time, there was a lot of theological discussion, especially on predestination. One of the famous debates was between Hincmar and Gottschalk. Gottschalk was an avid reader of Augustine, he said Augustine was right about everything, he said that God predestined some people for heaven and some to hell and you can't do anything about it. Hincmar said no, that's not true, that takes away all will, he said no, that would make us puppets. Both claimed to be interpreting Augustine though, Gottschalk is much closer to what he was actually saying. They also had debates about the eucharist - transubstantiation. During this time, the monks were copying scripture. These people are the reasons that we have the writings of Augustine.
10 - papacy reached a new low. The church is becoming more French and the kings of France have become very influential, they could actually dictate to the pope some of the actions he would do. This would be easier if the pope were in France, so they moved the papacy to Avignon, France. The papacy was in Avignon for 68 years, was called the Babylonian Captivity of the Church. In 178 a new pope was chosen, he was Italian, his name was Urban VI. Urban is serious about being the pope. One of the first things that he says is that the church should not be a place to go and get rich - The cardinals were rich and the commoners were in poverty and that was not right. Simony existed (Simony is giving positions to your friends) but Urban said this needed to end. He also wanted to cease the ties to the government. The college of cardinals is absolutely appalled so they met again and voted again and elected a new pope from France, he is Clement VII. Urban wasn't going anywhere so now there were two popes. This continued for thirty years. Clement lived in Avignon. In 14 Nicholas of Clemanges said he saw three ways to solve the two pope problem. First, the way of concession - both popes would agree to step down. Second, the way of compromise - both popes should get together and choose a mutually accepted third party would decide how to solve the problem. And third, the way of the council - they historically can only meet if the pope calls a council, but he says it may be the only way for them to meet without the pope's approval and whatever they decide is law. In 140 the church finally went the way of the council. They got cardinals from the two sides to meet, not the popes. They met in Piza, Italy (leaning tower city). Both sides decided that neither one of the popes could be legitimate so they deposed both and elected Alexander V, the other two wouldn't step down, so now there are three popes. In 1415 they tried again at the Council of Constance. They issued a statement called the Sactrosancta. This statement becomes the way that they can theologically stantiate what they are about to do. In 1415 Urban, Clement, and Alexander were no longer alive, so Gregory XII, Benedict XIII, and John XXIII were the popes. At the Council of Constance, they deposed John. Gregory agreed to step down. Benedict was not going gracefully so they got rid of him anyways. Then they elected a new pope - Martin V. No one challenges Martin V.
John Wycliffe emerges at this time. He was born in 10 - during the Babylonian captivity of the church. He is Catholic. An Englishman, has a doctorate of divinity from Oxford. We know him because he wrote stuff the church didn't like. He wrote Uncivil Dominion. He said that there was a difference between the idea of the church and the actual physical church. He said if 00 people are in the church, there may not be 00 that are the church, maybe it is only 40, and the pope may not be one of them. He believed very much so in predestination. He said that since we cannot know who the invisible true church is that there is no reason to consult the pope or the college of cardinals, he says just read scripture. The pope doesn't like him, calls him a heretic. Wycliffe said if the church hierarchy wanted to prove there holiness, then they should give away all of their possessions and live in prayer and preaching. He also wrote On th Eucharist about transubstantiation. Thomas Equinos said that the eucharist (the substance) becomes the body and blood of Jesus but that the form of the bread and wine doesn't change (the accidents) and that's why it still looks the same. Wycliffe is a philosopher and he said that God would not ruin substance and that accidents and substance are not separate so this is not possible. He believed that the change in the eucharist was not physical, it was spiritually (consubstantiation). Wycliffe died in 184 a natural death. At the council of constance the council wanted to kill Wycliffe but he was already dead, so they dug up his bones and burned them.
In 147 John Hus was born. Hus got a degree from the University of Prague (Czechleslovakia). Wcliffe's books were on the campus and he reads them. He becomes outspoken and then get excommunicated in 1411. This did not shut him up, he continued to complain, so he was excommunicated him again in 141. In 1415 he was invited to the council of constance to explain his views. He says, no you will kill me. But they say, no we won't hurt you so he goes. But as soon as he gets there they put him in jail and then burn him at the stake. Hus's associate, Jerome of Prague, was also killed at this time. Hus was a national hero at this time though.
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